How to Use the Preposition To

To is one of the most common prepositions in English. The preposition to also a part of the infinitive form of the verb. For example, these are all infinitives: To doTo playTo sing Infinitives can be combined with other verbs such as hope, arrange, want, etc. I hope to see you next week.Tom arranged to have his sister picked up at the airport.Your sister wants to help you understand mathematics. The preposition to is also used as a preposition of movement or direction. To is sometimes confused with at or in. Both at and in show the place, but to shows movement to this place. For example: I live in Boston. Lets meet Tim at the town center for lunch. BUT I drove to Boston. We walked to the town center for lunch. Here is a summary of the uses of the preposition to. Important prepositional phrases with to are also used as discourse markers beginning sentences to link one sentence to the next. The Preposition To for Movement Use the preposition to when indicating that there is movement from one place to another. In other words, the preposition to with verbs such as drive, walk, go, hike, fly, sail, etc. Were flying to San Francisco on Thursday for a meeting.We thought we should walk to the bakery for breakfast because it is such a beautiful day.The captain sailed to the closest port. It should be noted that the preposition to is never used with the verb arrive even though it indicates movement. Use the preposition at with the verb arrive I arrived at work early in the morning.The children arrived at the park to meet their friends. To as Time Expression The preposition to can also be used to refer to time in the same sense as the time expressions till or until. Meridith worked to (OR until, till) five and then left.Were going to wait another three weeks to the end of the month. From/To Time Expressions When a starting time and a finishing time is mentioned, use the preposition from to express the beginning and to for the end. We usually work from eight in the morning to five oclock.She played the piano from ten to twelve. To in  Phrasal Verbs The preposition to is also used in many phrasal verbs. Here is a short list of some of the most common: look forward to somethingobject to somethingappeal to someoneboil down to somethingget to something I look forward to seeing you soon.Peter objected to the way he acted.That car really appeals to Susan.It boils down to this: You need to work hard.Just a moment, Ill get to that subject soon. To as Infinitive of Purpose   The preposition to is used as an infinitive of purpose to mean in order to. For example: I spent some money (in order) to get some help.Susan hasnt worked so hard (in order) to give up! Linking Phrases With To The preposition to is also used in a number of common phrases to link ideas, often at the beginning of a sentence. To a great extent To a great extent begins or ends sentences expressing that something is mostly true. To a great extent, the students work hard in this schoolI agree with Toms ideas to a great extent. To some extent To some extent is used to express that something is partially true. To some extent, I agree with the ideas introduced in this discussion.The parents are at fault to some extent. To begin/start with To begin/start with is used to introduce the first element in a discussion with many points. To begin with, lets discuss the problems weve been having in the classroom.To start with, Id like to thank you for coming tonight. To sum up To sum up introduces a final review of the key ideas in a discussion. To sum up, we need to invest more money in research and sales.To sum up, you think that its all my fault!. To tell the truth To tell the truth is used to express an honest opinion. To tell you the truth, I think Doug is not doing a very good job.To tell you the truth, Im tired of listening to politicians tell us lies.

Nelson Mandela Reflection - 813 Words

Initially, South Africa was a country shackled by apartheid. This means that, South Africa was congested with discrimination with regards to race. Due to the discrimination and segregation among groups of South Africans, they felt as if they were not interconnected to one another. Rugby was a sport played by both white and black, in the beginning of the movie they show the differences between their equipment, their sense of belonging to the game, the rules, and it shows they split up into two separate schools or two different fields. Therefore, the nationalism is simply not there, there was no alliance between the two yet. Nelson Mandela changed that in 1994 when he was the first black president. Throughout the film events took place†¦show more content†¦Nelson’s overall goal was to unite the nation that had once been divided by apartheid, and he stated â€Å"it will not be easy for anyone in this country.† Mandela wanted to create a country in which all South Africas both white and black, would be able to walk tall without any fear in their hearts, he wanted to create a rainbow nation that was at peace with itself and the world, so he did exactly that with the help of everyone in the country. The relationships started to bloom, people started to look at one another with a different perspective. The nation was utterly one, it was becoming united. For example the Springboks went to show these kids how to play rugby which was a request from Mr. Mandela. Due to the citizens becoming more interconnected it created a sense of democracy, the people who wondered if their country was ever going to collaborate finally realized that their country South Africa, w as finally coming together and Mandela was helping everyone find their sense of belonging nor it matter what race you were. The apartheid ended with Nelson Mandela and hat is what made South Africa strive for their very best after many years of being corrupted. Rugby; rugby is a sport Mandela was genuinely very passionate about. He desired for the Springboks to win the world cup in Nineteen-Ninety-Five that was hosted in his very own South Africa, Mandela was the reason theShow MoreRelatedNelson Mandelas Leadership4907 Words   |  20 PagesMANDELA’S LEADERSHIP June 6, 2012 TITLE PAGE CAUCASUS UNIVERSITY CAUCASUS SCHOOL OF BUSINESS COURSE TITLE: Developing effective leadership skills COURSE CODE: MGS-3211 INSTRUCTOR: Dara Ahmed GROUP PRESENTATION: N1 PRESENTATION TITLE: NELSON MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP GROUP MEMBERS: Tamar Geladze DATE: 6th of June, 2012 12 Page 2 NELOSN MANDELA’S LEADERSHIP June 6, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE...........................................................................Read MoreLeadership and Nelson Mandela Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Mandela seems to be like a replica of the American political leader Martin Luther King who fought for the end of racial segregation. As quoted by Mandela, â€Å"I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.† He was a transformational leader who uncompromising for rights he fought for in his country South Africa. I believe thatRead MoreNelson Mandel A Visionary And Ethical Leader2012 Words   |  9 PagesWell, Nelson Mandela, prisoner #466-64, did not. Nelson Mandela was both a visionary and ethical leader as demonstrated by his actions and decisions when confronting the brutal polices of apartheid in South Africa. To prove my claim, first, I will provide historical facts and poignant truths that show Mandela was a visionary leader by employing idealized influence and inspirational motivation as he led the struggle against apartheid and an oppressive regime. 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Nelson Mandela began writing it in 1974 during his imprisonment on Robben IslandRead MoreNelson Mandela Is the Definition of a Legendary Leader Essay2580 Words   |  11 PagesNelson Mandela (1918-2013) is the definition of a legendary leader. He liberated South Africans from turmoil. He sacrificed his freedom, personal relationships, and suffering to save the lives of many. And, he partnered with different countries to help make South Africa a better place. Nelson Mandela was seen as a statesman, celebrity, and legendary leader around the world. This paper will discuss Nelson Mandela’s background, training, and education as well as his accomplishments. This paperRead MoreThe Music Of The South African Anti Apartheid Movement1259 Words   |  6 Pageshundreds of protestors and arrested leaders such as Nelson Mandela. Failin g to bring about change, the Anti-Apartheid movement put pressure on the government by decimating the local economy and gained international support by highlighting segregation and provoking police brutality. Ultimately, the local and international pressure on the South African regime under president F.W. de Klerk proclaimed the Anti-Apartheid movement triumphant and Nelson Mandela was elected a president of the parliamentary democracyRead MoreNelson Mandela Analysis1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nelson Mandela’s autobiography A Long Walk to Freedom, the final thought he leaves the reader with as he reflects on the moment’s pause he has taken to look back on his lifelong endeavours is: â€Å"But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom come responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet ended,† (Mandela, 625). Even in his reflection of the wonderful accomplishments he has achieved in his lifetime Mandela attests to the many responsibil ities he still has, and similarRead MoreThe Racial Of Apartheid And The Significant Historical Events Within The 40 Year Period1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthe election of 1948. This construct designed to create â€Å"separateness† between races began a struggle for the next 50 years that can be seen in the music of black African people. The effects of apartheid continued until the election of 1994 when Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa and all races could vote in an election for the first time in the country’s history. Apartheid began with the removal of black Africans from their homes and relocation to segregated townships. NeighborhoodsRead MoreHow Can African Nations Achieve Economic Growth? Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipation would help bolster their empowerment, or other words involvement in their government (Mandela). A relationship between government and people would guarantee that developing was happening and money was used correctly . Civilians are an important part of any strong government, as is money. Nelson Mandela once said, â€Å"It has to be ended by our own decisive mass action in order to build peace and security† (Mandela). If the people take the time to watch and partake in the happenings of their nation’s

Facilitative Leadership in Social Work Practice

Question: Discuss about the Facilitative Leadership in Social Work Practice. Answer: Introduction Social work is crucial in community development in any country. However, social work requires strong and decisive leadership to manage the projects initiated to the community. Social work in community services requires a good and visionary leader for effective implementation of community services. The following are the role of a good leader; Role of leader Understand the economic and political trends of the environment and its impact on the management and strategy of any community, possess ability to formulate strategies, identifying key factors for the implementation of organizational changes, encouraging a culture of service, Knowledge quiz to know the impact of their leadership styles and identifying personal goals to improve the quality of their contribution to the community. Manager: The leader as an executive, coordinates the group's tasks, supervises the activities, plans, program guides, Sort, distributes, provides arbitrates resources, aid, counseling, supplements, censored, repressed, Help, cooperate, motivate regulates, represents, identifies, supports, has an individual responsibility, and maintains a propitiatory attitude(Bush and Bush, 2003). Bureaucratic: maintaining an administrative and personnel structure of an organization. According a hierarchical scheme to perform some specialized tasks based on internal regulations, this type of leader is primarily concerned with the public administration. Behavioral approach of an effective leader Social leaders work is an important component of axiological and ethical guidance. Their daily activity makes sense because it refers to a noble cause, and this results from a very general view in the defense of fundamental principles and values that guide and pervade not only individual stocks but also to the entire community. When this happens, the principles and values become the fuel that guides the action, the result can be formidable. Something that is often forgotten, is that not everything is solved in a community from a system of incentives. Key Principles informing social work leadership Principles and values become fuel for action when they are not present only as major guiding principles of the social mission of each entity or group but also in the exemplary nature of its actors and leaders. This points, first, to the question of personal example and the awareness of the values that shape the mission; but on the other hand, it is also essential to share the same spirit, a way of doing things. Beyond personal and missionary moral commitment, there is also the possibility of developing organizational ethics collective effects processors. But this also means that leadership impacts the everyday activities of the community. In the social sector there is a danger of believing that because the principles and purposes that guide action are fair or heroic social action also will be deployed. Social work should be guided by ethical principles but should also be well done and, above all, be useful to have an impact(Carey and Green, 2013). For this reason, in the role of social leadership must meet achieving both criteria: there must be social commitment but also talent and professionalism in how to perform the tasks and achieve the objectives. It is likely that in any other sector and the social sector, this model of leadership based on serving people is so developed. The server leadership would play a new moral principle: the only authority that deserves our support is that which is freely and consciously recognized, and in direct response to the obvious and clear leader as a server size ratio(Ginsberg, 2001). I know that in the current context to say this seems like a bad joke, but it is only for those who consider that immovable context. We insist: this does not negate the importance of professionalism and competence in achieving objectives, strategy development, and continuous improvement of the impact of the action. But they perceived linked to the mission and at your service But perhaps the most important is the realization that social leadership is not a starting point but the end result of a long journey that, at least in our context, goes through the stages of awareness, involvement and civic community engagement. The personal disposition to be in the world of critical and transforming way was certainly a constant in many of the community leaders involved in social work. The sense of purpose and urgency or refusal of passivity, for example, are elements that are part of their behavior. But we should remember that any social leader acts as a sniper or reaches the stage of commitment in isolation. There is always a social community legacy that moves to a new generation experienced dip in values, a reference figure, hand or push an educator, family associative, religious or cultural influence, etc. Social leadership Social leadership, then, is largely the result of civic capital of a country, ie, that energy that we exercise collective responsibility and we transmit and share to the extent that that the society accept, where appropriate(Ginsberg, 2001). We can therefore assume that a decline of civic capital of a country would also have effects on the emergence of new social leaders. If we invest in the future improvement of social leadership we will have to start by doing it by the base, ie globally contributing to strengthening the social sector. Social leadership does not work with star signings but working from the base. During this journey of personal settings, service-oriented some social activists commitment is enriched by taking responsibility and development of various capacities: building bridges and consensus, promoting initiatives, organizational ability, extending the circle of relationships and networking, strengthening the moral will, understanding the environment and strategic vision, forging shared values and beliefs, etc. When we say that leadership is not a position but a process not only what we say in relation to the hierarchical management (often confuse leader and head) but also say in relation to the same construction of personal identity and the assumption of roles of leaders(Hirschmann, 2004). What we do ends up also influence what we are. Challenges and problems in social leadership Perhaps one of the problems we have today is not just the quality of leadership, but we think and promote leadership from very restricted profiles. Perhaps we would think and would promote leaderships very different if to features and itineraries of social leadership. Logically to achieve the above, the reference is to effective leadership. Concept of Good Leadership There are many definitions and concepts related to leadership, focused by different authors, the purpose of the author is to give readers a concept as comprehensive as possible, which in turn allows your understanding and may assist in the subject. Consider the following concept: Leadership is the process that influences the members of a team, an organization, or other; to guarantee and / or transform the development of the activities undertaken in order to comply with the schedule in a community(Hafford-Letchfield et al., n.d.). Approaches to leadership theories In our case we will raise the central elements of the main approaches or theories, with the aim and aspiration, that the necessary elements on the different variants possess. Focus as a function on the community This study is not based on the determination of the traits or behavior or behavior of people in relation to leadership, but intrinsically related to the team or group. All team to develop the work that has been assigned, has certain requirements, one of which is a leader acting on behalf of the group which becomes increasingly necessary depending on the complexities of the group, both the I work to be done, such as relationships unfold. The leader is valued by the group for their capacity to solve the problems presented and for the fulfillment of its objectives. Increasing leadership capacity in social work In Social Work, after two centuries of progress and restructuring has established itself as a scientific discipline. It is integrated within the social sciences, which shares the object of study and scientific method. There is a close relationship that links social work, democratic citizenship and the concept of the welfare state. Thus, it is clear the primary objective of social work as a science; promoting democratic citizenship isolating the elements of social exclusion to contribute to the welfare of individuals and groups, enabling the effective exercise of their rights. We cannot forget that our social reality is a result of a particular historical context, which we define, model and brand our watchword. In this sense, it is essential for social workers; know the illustrated roots that led to emergence of the values on which human rights would support. In technologically advanced societies, social work must respond to the phenomenon of social exclusion, relational problems of new forms of social interaction, personal fulfillment, etc. The aim of Social Work with Groups must be the insertion of the individual in society. To do this, we must make a correct diagnosis and bear in mind the economic and social order from a technological and virtual context. In addition, everything is connected; the effects of decisions in a given space affect the whole with a speed hitherto unimaginable(Hothersall and Bolger, 2010). Faced with these prospects, Social Work with Groups, it opens as a specialty that can intervene at different levels to bring about change and improvement of people, groups, communities and organizations involved, promoting social inclusion, promoting the enhancing factors change social and mitigating the risks of social exclusion(Lohmann and Lohmann, 2002). Leadership theories It is based on developing leadership from personality, where the subject born leader is not agreed with, against this, one can say that the subject has to assume this role innate conditions. In this context, it is understood the social worker as a person who possesses qualities that range from intellectually, emotionally and physically(Smith, 2009). Concerning this theories, the sub must meet certain requirements, which should inspire confidence, be smart, perceptive and decisive for better condition to successfully leadership. In relation to the above, the personalist leadership, has the characteristics:Sense of responsibility,Concern for the realization of the work,Energy,Persistence,Ability to make risky decisions, Originality andSelf-confidence. Behavioral Theory This theory is based on the behavior that the leader has to assume in leadership, where it is when the subject becomes leader is not born as a leader.There are three styles of leadership, these are characterized by behavior to assume the role of leader: Autocratic Leader: Here the leader is imposed and makes others abide orders, having to fulfill what the leader commands, generating tension, frustration and aggression, although the task is fulfilled but without satisfaction for others to realize them.Democratic Leader: In this style of leadership, the leader is collective, all locked with a goal in common, however the leadership role remains, unlike the Autocratic, not imposed by others, taking an attitude of friendship, builds confidence, relates cordially and there is mutual respect, regarding the task to be accomplished, the quality of work is better and there is more group interaction(Winkler, 2010). Situational Theory In this theory, we can highlight leadership depending on the situation that the leader faced look.This theory is based on a balance between the two before seen theories, the leader manifests itself in relation to personality and behavior that acquires facing a situation which the leader works with his team, where the leader guide others to a suitable alternative, in order to accomplish the task. Social Work with Groups Its way in contemporary societies as a method of social intervention because, through the interaction of its members are provided with identity and consciousness. Our identity is configured through the relationship with others, through interactions, are social animals. The individual does not take decisions itself but through the influence of society. For example, the phenomenon of social exclusion can not be interpreted individually but must analyze the structural dimensions that influence social progressive disengagement of individuals. Despite the individualistic nature of the market and the neoliberal postulates, it is necessary to isolate the individual from guilt and insert in social contexts based on the relational nature of human beings, where come alive social ties as necessary for the biological evolution of species. Social Work with Groups, through group dynamics promotes improvement, restoration and enhancement of social skills inferring both an individual and social adjustment to its participants. Therefore, it is essential to isolate all kinds of reductionism, both biological and genetic and cultural and ideological type. The human being is not determined but conditioned and has a great power, human perfectibility, the capacity to promote their own change and improve throughout your life, constituting an identity defined, unique and unrepeatable. Improving ones leadership A Social worker as a leader should improve their skills in the following ways.First, you should take into account own empathy toward others, your thoughts and your ability to understand, can be much more useful than just valuing other people outside you or your material contribution to the project ideas(Breshears and Volker, 2013). If you are the leader in charge of social work, you have the authority to make decisions, but also the responsibility for its consequences. Both must agree to assume effective leadership, or your social work project will be doomed to failure. While you want to believe in your team will be dedicated and cooperate with each other for their own work ethic, or your managers take the baton for daily compliance and you should only lead in the general level, the fact is that it does not work that way. You have to firmly tell your subordinates what is expected of them and make sure they comply. A social worker should promote group discussion, to enhance their leadership skills. A social worker should learn to be proactive and should not wait for problems or opportunities to arise. They should try to anticipate risks to resolve any minor inconvenience before it grows. References Breshears, E. and Volker, R. (2013).Facilitative leadership in social work practice. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Bush, T. and Bush, T. (2003).Theories of educational leadership and management. London: Sage Publications. Carey, M. and Green, L. (2013).Practical social work ethics. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Ginsberg, L. (2001).Social work evaluation. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Hafford-Letchfield, T. (2008).Leadership and management in social care. London, UK: Sage Publications. Hafford-Letchfield, T., Lambley, S., Spolander, G. and Cocker, C. (n.d.).Inclusive leadership in social work and social care. Hirschmann, K. (2004).Leadership. Chicago: Raintree. Hothersall, S. and Bolger, J. (2010).Social Policy for Social Work, Social Care and the Caring Professions. Farnham: Ashgate. Kadushin, A. and Harkness, D. (2002).Supervision in social work. New York: Columbia University Press. Lohmann, R. and Lohmann, N. (2002).Social administration. New York: Columbia University Press. Pierson, J. and Thomas, M. (2010).Dictionary of social work. Maidenhead: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Smith, R. (2009).Doing social work research. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press. Winkler, I. (2010).Contemporary leadership theories. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.

The Universe Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang, Universe

The Universe It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireball--an extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model seems more reasonable than the Steady State model. The second observational evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion of the primeval fireball in the past. The primeval fireball would have sent strong shortwave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cool, and fill the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, all year.3 And so it appears that astronomers have detected the fireball radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady State model. The Steady State could not explain the existence of this radiation, so the model cannot best explain the beginning of the universe. Since the Big Bang model is the better model, the existence and the future of the universe can also be explained. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos, where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum weirdness.4 Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For an extremely brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may have a diameter of a few centimetres. The temperature had cooled enough for particles of matter and antimatter to form, and they instantly destroy each other, producing fire and a thin haze of matter-apparently because slightly more matter than antimatter was formed.5 The fireball, and the smoke of its burning, was the universe at an age of trillionth of a second. The temperature of the expanding fireball dropped rapidly, cooling to a few billion degrees in few

Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy

Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy Snapple is an American soft drink company that ensures it has an effective product strategy: the strategy ensures that the company comes up with products that are competitive and responsive to the needs of the customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company makes brands of different flavors depending with the target market; some of the products include juice of different flavors, tea drinks, water, diet drinks, and fresh squeeze among others. The driving force to buying a certain product is the target market that the products are aimed at selling to. To come up with the products, the company engages in massive products and market research (Snapple Official Website). The main change that should be made in the company’s products is the packaging that they use: most of the products have been packed on plastic material that destroys the e nvironment; with the decomposition rate of plastics, when they have been deposited, they pollute the environment. The company should look for paper packaging material (when using paper concentration should be on recycled paper material), they will be less polluting. Snapple can be said to have a strong brand name across the markets it operates in, despite the competition in the soft drinks company, the company has been able to command an increasing market share and in the future its markets are likely to improve even further. When faced with an issue that can challenge the growth of its brand, the company is quick to react and change the ill move. The company can increase its markets further if it can have some low alcoholic products alongside the main line. The strategy will be a move of brand extension strategy: to get into the market, the company should make use of the strength of the current brand to persuade people adopt and embrace the new products (Monroe 63).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pricing strategy The company uses a premium pricing model; the products can be said to be slightly higher than the average price of commodities in the industry. The reason why they have adopted the method is because of the strength of the brand. It has high quality products that can command a higher market than the others; when using the method, the company targets the working class and the high class members of the society. Premium pricing model is a strategic pricing model where the company rests on it strength in the market as well as the quality it offers. Since 1972, when the country was incorporated, they have developed unique products designs and they can blend sweet flavors to increase the market. When pricing the products, the company looks into the costs incurred, the profit margin as well as the costs sold by other companies in the same industry. After noting the average price in the market, the company’s marketing team then adds a margin that represents the premium as required by premium pricing strategy. The pricing method gives a higher return to the company but makes the products not affordable by the less fortunate in the society. The company should looks into the pricing approach that it is using; the current approach is locking the less fortunate in the society to afford the products. It should start taking use of economies of scale that it currently enjoys; with the current rate of economies of scale, the company can have some quality flavored products at a lower price (Kotler and Armstrong 263). Kotler, Philip, and Armstrong Gary. Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Monroe, Kent. The Pricing Strategy Audit. Cambridge: Cambridge Strategy Publications, 2003. Print. Snapple Official Website. Snapple. 2011. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Snapple Pricing and Product Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Free Essays on Gangs

"Once inside, I was walked through a gauntlet of desperate men. Their hot smell in the muggy corridor was as foul as their appearance. None of them seemed to have a full set of front teeth. Many bore prominently displayed tattoos of skulls or demons. One could argue whether it was the look of these men that led them to prison or whether it was the prison that gave them their look. Just looking at them made me fear for my life" (Hassine, 7). Most inmates in correctional facilities felt the way that Victor Hassine felt on his first day in a correctional facility in Pennsylvania called Graterford State Prison. New inmates are seen as "fresh meat". They fear their life. Most of these inmates find sanctuary in gangs. Inmates join gangs for protection. Gangs in correctional facilities are more of a necessity, unlike street gangs. People don't need a gang to survive in the street because there are other ways one can find help, a family, protection, belongingness, etc. But in correctional facilities one's outlets are limited. One's preoccupation in jail is survival, which leads inmates to change their habits, personality, and even their values. Living in an environment where "an unexpected smile could mean trouble, a man in uniform is not a friend, being kind is a weakness, and eye contact is a threat" doesn't leave one much of a choice, does it? There are numerous gangs in correctional facilities but among the most common are the Latin Kings, Five Percent Nation, and the Netas. Some gangs in these facilities are extensions of neighborhood street gangs. Their names are based on their urban location, like the 21st and Norris Gang, the 60th and Market Gang, and the 10th Street Gang in Philadelphia. There are also less common prison gangs like Los Solidos, Latin Locos, G27, Nation, Brotherhood, Elm City Boys, 20 Luv, and Esses. White gangs almost always originate in prison and are a minority. They a... Free Essays on Gangs Free Essays on Gangs The book that I chose to read was a book called â€Å"Gangs† by a woman named Karen L. Kinnear. I chose this book for one simple reason, the tag at the bottom of the front cover. The tag on the cover says Contemporary World Issues. I wanted to read something that was current in today’s society and it was something that is pretty familiar to many young black men these days. If black men are not involved in gangs then they are very knowledgeable about them. This book talked about what gangs are, who joins gangs and why, and many other facets involving gangs. According to the book, a gang is very difficult to define. This is so because of the questions proposed. One question that was asked was if a gang is just a group of people who hang around each other. Then another question that was asked was if adults in a group could be classified as a gang. Then it was asked if the group has to be involved in some kind of criminal behavior. All these questions make it obvious to see that gangs plague today’s society to a point that we can not even put a definition on what a gang really is. According to this book by Karen Kinnear, defining gangs is often a political issue that reflects the interests and agendas of the various individuals and agencies involved with gangs. These individuals and agencies would happen to be law-enforcement personnel, politicians, advocates, social workers, the media, and researchers. After reading this part, I was highly shocked at how true that really was, and I really never recognized that until readin g it here in this book. The definition of a gang has changed from each person who defines it to the next. A researcher named Frederic Thrasher decided to offer his definition in the year of 1927. He said that a gang â€Å"is an interstitial group, originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict. It is characterized by the following types of behavior; meeting face to face, milling,... Free Essays on Gangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today's cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long-range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings' personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government, theatre, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Money is also a crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that children’s morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since no one can completely turn off their minds, these children must be learning something while watching the television. Few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown from a gang's perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang existence as accepta... Free Essays on Gangs Gangs have been and will always be a part of society, They have in one form or another been around for hundreds of years. For example pirates were in some way or another a form of an organized gang. The groups that traditionally come to mind when one thinks of modern day gangs are the Crips and the Bloods from California, and the people Folk originating from Chicargo. The origins of the Crips and Bloods can be traced to the late 60's, and the gang culture is so ingrained on the west coast that many families have three and even four generations of gangsters residing in the same residence. The people Folks started out in the late 70 and early 80’s Depending on whose figures you listen to (some officials have a tendency to downsize the numbers). As of January, 1993, L.A. gangs set’s numbered between 800 and 1000, with anywhere from 120,000 to 220,000 members. These numbers are often debated, and depending on whose criteria is used to decide who is and is not a gangbang er. The figures could be considerably higher. This paper will elaborate on some of the facts surrounding Juvenile gangs. Over the past several years we have seen a increase in the number of juvenile crimes and juveniles joining organized gangs. These juveniles are not only joining at a younger age but are committing more violent crimes then there antecedent. What makes these young men and women decide to participate in the violent and often deadly crimes of gangs? Why would a youngster be so eager to submit himself or herself to the torture of initiation or risk there life by having sex with a known person that’s HIV positive? Although varies regions of the country may have different meanings or definition for the term "gang member" a good description for a gang can be found in the November 1991 issue of school safety update published by Pepperdine University’s National School Safety Center, it defines a gang as "A group of three or more individuals with... Free Essays on Gangs Gangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today's cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings' personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government, theater, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gang's perspective. To a child this portrays a violent gang existence as acceptable. 'The Ends Justifies the Means' mentality is also t... Free Essays on Gangs "Once inside, I was walked through a gauntlet of desperate men. Their hot smell in the muggy corridor was as foul as their appearance. None of them seemed to have a full set of front teeth. Many bore prominently displayed tattoos of skulls or demons. One could argue whether it was the look of these men that led them to prison or whether it was the prison that gave them their look. Just looking at them made me fear for my life" (Hassine, 7). Most inmates in correctional facilities felt the way that Victor Hassine felt on his first day in a correctional facility in Pennsylvania called Graterford State Prison. New inmates are seen as "fresh meat". They fear their life. Most of these inmates find sanctuary in gangs. Inmates join gangs for protection. Gangs in correctional facilities are more of a necessity, unlike street gangs. People don't need a gang to survive in the street because there are other ways one can find help, a family, protection, belongingness, etc. But in correctional facilities one's outlets are limited. One's preoccupation in jail is survival, which leads inmates to change their habits, personality, and even their values. Living in an environment where "an unexpected smile could mean trouble, a man in uniform is not a friend, being kind is a weakness, and eye contact is a threat" doesn't leave one much of a choice, does it? There are numerous gangs in correctional facilities but among the most common are the Latin Kings, Five Percent Nation, and the Netas. Some gangs in these facilities are extensions of neighborhood street gangs. Their names are based on their urban location, like the 21st and Norris Gang, the 60th and Market Gang, and the 10th Street Gang in Philadelphia. There are also less common prison gangs like Los Solidos, Latin Locos, G27, Nation, Brotherhood, Elm City Boys, 20 Luv, and Esses. White gangs almost always originate in prison and are a minority. They a... Free Essays on Gangs GANGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FAMILIES Introduction The aim or objective of this paper is to thoroughly report on why individuals join gangs and how gang membership can put people’s friends, family and even themselves in jeopardy of being seriously injured or killed. The researcher is aiming towards a few topics on this paper such as gang membership, graffiti, violence and vandalism, and spreading gangs. Most people do not realize or do not know how dangerous gangs can be and this can lead to serious consequences. Literature Review Gangs affect the enviroment or city in which people live. They affect the enviroment of families and cause harm to victims and witnesses in areas of gang territory. Incentives or becoming a gang member, graffiti in the neighborhood, gang violence, the spread of gangs, and gang prevention will be explored thoroughly. The research found on gangs mainly focused on adolescent and young adult males. The most popular reason for joining a gang is coming from a dysfunctional family and wanting a sense of having a family (Lahey). These types of people do not think very highly of themselves. They feel good belonging to a gang because they believe that their family, friends or community has not paid any attention to them. People of certain races or cultures may believe that they are powerless or have no opportunities. Gus Gedatus states that â€Å"they may not feel that they are apart of society† (Gedatus 8). These types of people look at participating in a gang as being cool. Another popular reason for joining a gang is to follow family tradition. Some people’s parents or maybe even grandparents have belonged to a certain gang and will be upset or feel that the person is betraying the family. Youth form gangs because people fear it. This fear may give the members a sense of power. These types of gangs tend to move into neighborhoods that are unfamiliar with gang activit y in ... Free Essays on Gangs â€Å"GANGS† Across the United States there is a type of subculture that needs to be dealt with and destroyed. Gangs are the type of subculture at hand. Gangs can be defined as a subculture because they exist within society while maintaining their own norms, beliefs, and values. Gangs are a subculture of violence, whose values demand the use of violence in overt situations (Adler, Mueller, Laufer 2001). Gang membership promotes violence and other delinquent behavior from its members (such as vandalism and drug relations). Gangs need to be abolished if we hope to clean up our streets, get our children back in school, and have a chance at winning the drug war. Are you as person looking to seek a public office ready to deal with this issue? I will continue to give you some background knowledge of gangs. Let the fact be known that it is not illegal to be in a gang, but once a criminal action takes place gang members have stepped over the line and their membership is now perceived as illegal. One of the main ways that gang membership forms is from generation to generation. A child is exposed to the gang activity taking place in his or her neighborhood and may want to take part in this gang to fill an emotional void. This void might be in need of love from a â€Å"family† group, respect, or a sense of belonging to a peer group. A child might have older siblings that are members of a gang and the younger child longs to be like the older sibling. Youth might also join a gang for the protection from other gang violence and the chance to make money fast. Whatever the reason is for joining gangs, America’s youth believe that gang membership allows them to achieve a level of status that was impossible to attain outside of the gangs. It is estimated that there are more than 24,500 gangs active the United States in 2000 (Egley, 2001). The average number of gang members for 2000 was 750,000 (Egley, 2001). These number... Free Essays on Gangs Analysis of Gangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today’s society. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable awn prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings’ personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is much to blame. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it sound glamorous. Money is also a crucial factor. A young kid is shown that he/she could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. This amount of money causes gang life to look like a gold mine. Anyone could use this kind of many, and attempt to get it. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at in front of a television set than he/she spends in a classroom. Since their minds are still working, they take in what is on the television and â€Å"learn† from it. Unfortunately, very few hours of television watched by children are educational. Many shows on television today are extremely violent. This shows children that gang life is exciting as well as acceptable. This is taught through many shows where the â€Å"good guy† captures the â€Å"bad guy† through violence and is then being commended. A young child sees this as ...

Research Paper on Children Toys Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Children Toys - Research Paper Example In addition to this the educator also needs to take into deliberation few factors while indulging in toy purchases. The factors in relation to the toys purchased for the children should entail aspects such as cost-effectiveness, ensuring creative prospects for the children along with the safety feature of such toys. While purchasing toys it a vigilant examination of the design of the toys needs to be conducted in order to ascertain the sharp and pointed corners which might harm the children. The children needs to be kept away from materials like knives, blades and other sorts of sharp materials as these might result in creating a sense of violence and power among the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). There are a numbers of factors which requires to be considered while purchasing toys for the children among which few have been explained below: Children’s’ Age It is quite impor tant that the toys selected for the children must comply with their age and stage. It should also meet the basic safety requirements identified with regard to the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). ... Safety Aspects Every parent needs to ensure increased cautiousness with regard to the safety needs of their children. Hence, the toys selected for their children must be non toxic in nature, well painted and should be completely non-harmful for the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). Educational Aspects Toys selected for the children should entail characteristics for the purpose of enhancing and developing skills within the children such as promoting emotional and intellectual characteristics. The toys selected must serve dual functions by helping the children to learn and understand new things and also by serving the purpose of an object to play with thus, providing increased degree of fun to the children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, â€Å"Good Toys for Young Children by Age and Stage†). Part 2 Toys for Six to Twelve Months Old Children Usually the child ren of 6 to 12 months of age slowly move towards comprehending their surroundings. At this stage the babies are learnt to make attempts in order to stand by taking the support of furniture or such other things. For this particular age group toys such as dolls, wooden vehicles, water toys, musical toys and balls are considered to be quite appropriate. Dolls are the image of the human beings which are found to be available in different sizes, shapes and colors. These toys are believed to aid the children in comprehending the diverse form of emotions and along with triggering the development of certain skills. Wooden toys are found to be quite cheaper in comparison to the plastic toys. It also needs to be

Master of Science Degree in Entrepreneurship in Applied Technologies Personal Statement - 1

Master of Science Degree in Entrepreneurship in Applied Technologies - Personal Statement Example I worked as teaching assistant from the middle of 2008 until King Saud University awarded me scholarship to pursue higher education through my master degree in the U.S. with a bachelor degree in Business Administrative in Quantitative Methods as a theoretical background. As I was reviewing the University of South Florida’s (USF) program for the Master of Science Degree in Entrepreneurship in Applied Technologies (MS EAT), I was impressed with the profile of consolidating â€Å"Entrepreneurship education and training into a single interdisciplinary program† (MS EAT, par. 2). My academic background has provided the impetus for a strong drive to learn entrepreneurial and leadership skills that would be enhanced through your course modules focusing on new venture formation, product development and the design and application of strategies to global organizations. I am keen on honing my analytical, decision-making, interpersonal, communication, negotiation, and conflict resolution skills, among others. The multidisciplinary approach offered by USF would provide the essential theoretical orientation to entrepreneurship, as well as relevant applications required in contemporary global organizations. It has been my profound desire to apply what I would learn in Saudi Arabia as an instrumental promoter of new enterprises and a proactive collaborator of entrepreneurial skills that would spur economic development and professionalism in this field of endeavor. It has always been a passion to delve into personal and professional growth, not only for one’s benefit, but more so to the organization and community where I would be an instrumental part of, and to the country that I envision to give honor as honor is

Alcohol and the average teen Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and the average teen Essay Many teens today face the situation of alcohol and alcohol abuse. Although we cannot make their choices for them, we can persuade them into not taking alcohol by knowing the risks first; a lot like warnings on smoke packages. Alcohol can have a big affect on the adolescent mind. The brain of a an average human being keeps developing to the age of adolescence; people believe that the brain stops developing at the age of adolescence, but in fact, the brain develops into the early 20s. At the age of adolescence, the brain goes under remodelling and rewiring. The underdeveloped brain of an adolescent can suffer irreversible brain damage and may have long lasting effects on the brain. That is why there is an age limit of 19 in Canada and the age limit of 21 in the United States. Many side effects of drinking alcohol are: slurring of words, memory loss, difficulty walking, blurred vision, slow reaction times, dehydration, blackouts(being unconscious) and even death. Alcohol is a dangerous thing a teens should not take the risks. Long term effects of alcohol unintentional injuries: car crash, falls, burns. e. t. cintentional injuries: firearm injuries, sex assault and domestic violence increase on the job injuries and loss of productivity increase of family and relationship problems alcohol poisoning high blood pressure, stroke and other heart diseases liver disease nerve damage sexual problems permanent brain damage mouth and throat cancers. Short term effects of alcohol slurred speech drowsiness vomiting diarrhea coma blackouts unconsciousness blurred vision and hearing problems breathing difficulties After drinking alcohol, many people experience difficulty to walk, unable to gain balance, motor control, timing and awareness. This is because your body will not completely absorb all of the alcohol; some of it will travel into the brain and into your cerebellum. Your cerebellum controls motor control, awareness, coordination and thoughts. The alcohol will tend to make your hands shake a lot, unable to pick up stuff and to lose balance and maybe even fall. After you drink alcohol(ethanol), reaction time or reflexes slow, because the cerebellum controls awareness which is affected by alcohol. For example, after drinking large amounts of alcohol, a person would often stumble, lose control and fall over. A person might not be aware that they are drunk until they wake up from a hangover. A second example for motor control is when a person has no control of their hands and cannot grasp at any object. One more example of balance is that a person has difficulty walking, often grabbing objects to support their body. Drinking alcohol can have effects such as mood swings, and unable to control one’s self and can sometimes become very violent. The frontal lobes control planning, forming ideas, making decisions/judgement and using self control. Alcohol disrupts the frontal lobes and can create these effects. It is illegal to drive while having more than 0. 08 % blood alcohol concentration because the alcohol will affect decision making while driving and become very dangerous if poor decisions are made. Violent tendencies also come from the induce of alcohol. Two thirds of victims who suffered violence by an intimate have reported alcohol has been a factor. Drinking alcohol can also have suicidal thoughts and attempts. In 2002, 3 million youth were at risk of suicidal attempts. The suicidal thoughts and attempts are because the frontal lobe controls thoughts and judgement while under the influence of alcohol. An example of poor decision making is when a person decides to jump down two stories from a balcony. An example of mood swings is that a person will be happy when drinking, but depressed later can be common effects. An example of self control, is when a person has violent rages that he/she cannot control that causes reckless damage. When a person thinks of an action, their body will act it out. The brain sends messages through the spine and to a certain part of the body carrying out the instructions through a set of nerves in the nervous system. Alcohol slows down the central nervous system which makes actions/movements, speech and thoughts slower by inhibiting signals between the head, spinal cord and nerve endings . Alcohol is a central nervous depressant and have life threatening effects on the bodys nervous system. The nervous system takes more damage than any other part of the body. Alcohol decreases the central nervous systems activity, and reduces anxiety, tension, and inhibitions. Drinking on a empty stomach can make the alcohol rush through your bloodstream faster, although drinking while eating doesnt necessarily mean that you wont get drunk. Stroke, heart attack and dementia can be the results of alcohols effect on the nervous system. Another example of when alcohol acts on the nervous system is when your words slur and vision will start to blur. Memory loss and unconsciousness/blackout can happen when a person drinks too much alcohol. The alcohol affects the hippocampus part of the brain, and is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. The hippocampus is vital to learning and memories and also vulnerable to chronic alcohol consumptions. When induced alcohol, it can affect the brain and can make you forget the recent memories of events. And having drunk alcohol has been shown to decrease the volume of the hippocampus; having induced too much alcohol in very little time can make you black out and forget whole events. If alcohol damages the hippocampus, people may find hard to grasp at memories and may find it hard to learn. This affects teens because of learning disabilities which could make them fall behind in school. An example of memory loss is, when Joe stays at his friend Bobs house, but he got drunk, passed out and woke up the other day not remembering what he was doings at his friends house. Alcohol can affect the hippocampus and affect your learning and memory. Blood pressure, hunger, thirst and the urge to urinate, even death are the effects of alcohol on the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls/ regulates the bodys functions. Some of the functions that the hypothalamus performs are: autonomic nervous system controls that help regulate eating and drinking, controls body temperature, body fluid, electrolyte balance and weight. When teens drink, they get a warm feeling inside their body. What actually happens is their blood pressure and body heat are rapidly decreasing. Death occurs because the body temperature and blood pressure are dropping, also because there is too much alcohol in ones system(alcohol blood concentration 0. 40%) Each year, approximately 5, 000 youth die from alcohol. Hunger and thirst occur because the hypothalamus regulates eating and drinking and is disrupted by the alcohol. That is also the reason for the urge to urinate because of the regulation of bodily fluids. Alcohol can affect your hypothalamus and disrupt your bodys natural functions. unconsciousness, low body temperature and slow breathing are the effects of alcohol on the medulla. The medulla controls automatic functions such as breathing, consciousness and body temperature. By acting on the medulla, alcohol induces sleep, which causes blackouts and unconsciousness. This also means that a person’s breathing would be affected and would be life threatening because their breathing would slow. A persons body temperature also decreases below normal creating hypothermia, especially if the person drinks in cold temperatures. Alcohol is a life costing drug that should be precautioned. Alcohol and the body Alcohol also has huge impacts on health and the human body. The alcohol first passess through the mouth and into the body. From there, it goes into the stomach. Some of the alcohol goes into bloodstream in the stomach, but most of it goes on to the small intestine. In the small intestines, the alcohol enters the bloodstream through the walls of the intestines. Then, the heart pumps the alcohol throughout the body. Next, the alcohol reaches the brain. After that, the liver works to oxidize the alcohol at a rate of 0. 5 oz per hour. Finally, the alcohol converts into water carbon and energy. Health problems that alcohol can cause are: high blood pressure, osteoporosis(bone disease), stroke and cancer, including breast cancer. Alcohol can have big impacts on the body. Alcohol can has huge impacts on the heart and health. The heart is a pump for your blood to flow throughout your body and is the biggest muscle in your body. The effects of alcohol on the heart can cause good and bad effects. The benefits of drinking alcohol are: youre less likely to get cardiovascular disease. One way is that the alcohol can increase good cholesterol which prevents clots and heart attacks. There are also many dangerous effects of alcohol on the heart when heavy alcohol consumptions occurs: excessive intake of alcohol will more likely give you high blood pressure and puts extra strain on the heart, increases the amount of fat circulating in the bloodstream, people who drink too much will increase their risk of experiencing stroke and would cause atrial fibrillation-irregular heartbeats which could increase stroke. Alcohol has both benefits and risks depending on the consumption. Through the pathway of alcohol, it passes through the digestive system. The alcohol can irritate the stomach, causing it to produce more acid than usual, causing inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The side effects are stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea and in heavy drinkers, bleeding. The long term consequences of alcohol are the increase of getting cancer of your mouth, tongue, throat, stomach and pancreas. Alcohol can also make it difficult to digest food and absorb any nutrients from the food you just ate. This is because the alcohol reduces enzyme production in the pancreas making it hard to break down and absorb the fat and nutrients. A possible way to protect your stomach is to eat rich carbohydrates and drink a lot of water that would slow down the the rate of which your body absorbs alcohol. Death is possible too. If your unconscious, it is possible that you will throw up in your mouth and die of choking on the vomit; it would be stuck in your respiratory system and your lungs would not get air. Alcohol, if not, is a very unhealthy substance to your stomach and digestive system. Your liver is one of your most vital organs in your body. Your livers main job is detoxification-to filter your blood for toxins coming from the digestive tract. Liver disease is used to describe the damage done upon your liver from the alcohol. There are two main types of liver disease: acute meaning liver problems develops over a few months and chronic liver disease is damage done to the liver over a number of years. Some reasons why alcohol causes liver disease are: 1. Oxidative stress. The liver takes up a lot of stress filtering the alcohol and the chemical reaction can cause damage to the cells. This could cause inflammation and scarring as the liver tries to regenerate itself. 2. Alcohol causes damages to the small intestines releasing bacteria that is carried out onto the liver. Long term effects on the liver can cause many liver disease, fat deposited due to absorbing of alcohol leads to fatty liver disease and cirrhosis-a complete shutdown of the liver because it is so damaged. Heavy alcohol consumptions can have a great deal to the liver and your health. Alcohol also damages the kidney. Whether it’s acute or chronic alcohol consumption, the alcohol will damage the kidneys. The functions of the kidneys is to filter blood-the kidneys remove metabolic waste, controls the body’s fluid balance, regulates the balance of electrolytes, regulation of blood volume and pressure and maintaining electrolyte levels in blood. As the kidneys filters blood, urine is created and stored in the kidneys’ pelvis. Alcohol can cause all kinds of damage to your kidneys. Alcohol alters the filtering system of the kidneys and damages the balance of water and ions in the body. Drinking alcohol can cause high blood pressure and is the second leading cause to chronic kidney disease. The alcohol also alter filtering levels that will increase urination when drinking which is why you have to go to the washroom every five minutes, but is important to keep hydrated because by urinating, you get rid of your body’s water. Alcohol impacts the kidneys and kidneys are vital to the human body. How alcohol impacts teens and families Alcohol impacts teens and families a lot. Alcohol abuse among teens is a common problem. Statistics say that 80% of high school students report drinking alcohol and 40% of high school students report trying alcohol by the eighth grade. Some effects of alcohol abuse are emotional problems. Alcohol abuse can cause emotional problems like depression and anxiety. Alcohol abuse can cause severity in these problems. Statistics say that eighth grade girls that have alcohol abuse are more likely to attempt suicide. Some of the reasons that teens drink are: peer pressure. E. x. Your friends are all drinking and youre the one who doesn’t. Your friends will make fun of you and say you’re a loser. Fun and adventure. E. x. You want to try beer of alcohol for fun or for adventures and you try a sip. Then gulps and are not able to control yourself. Curiosity. E. x. You’ve seen them in the television. You’ve seen it in movies: people(mostly adults) drinking alcohol and getting crashed. Your parents warned you about the effects of alcohol and becoming an alcoholic. But you still wonder what it feels like to drink a sip of alcohol. So you take a bottle of beer take a drink. You get a warm feeling inside. Then you can’t control yourself and drink way too much and have a hangover. Self esteem. Some teens have a low self esteem and they want to boost it. Drinking alcohol will not boost self esteem, but causes depression instead. To cope with stress. E. x. You are under a lot of stress from school, relationships, e. t. c. When drinking alcohol, a feeling of happy and carefree. Scientists have discovered that drinking alcohol releases serotonin which is a happy chemical. Alcohol also affects teens when driving. It is not a good idea to drive with someone who is impaired that drives. Having more than 0. 08% of blood alcohol concentration can affect judgement, judgement to know if you’re intoxicated , especially when driving and is considered illegal to drive with above 0. 08% blood alcohol concentration . Statistics show that in 2010, 10,228 were killed in alcohol impaired driving crashes, almost one third of all the traffic related deaths in the United States. Impaired drinking continues to be the number one road safety issue in Canada. Alcohol also affects the family around you. When teens are killed in car accidents, their families are greatly impacted. The family would be burdened with sadness as they hear the police tell that your son or daughter was killed by drunk driving and would never forget. Not only does it impact parents, but children as well. There’s a same possibility that the parents/ guardians could’ve died in a car accident as well. The children have to take care of themselves and for each other now that their parents, unless taken to foster parents and can sometimes never recover from the tragedy. Not only does drunk driving affect families, but alcoholics too. Alcoholism is a family disease that affects everyone in the family. Usually, the alcoholic doesn’t know that they’re an alcoholic until it’s too late. The child works extra hard trying to be a perfect that they don’t upset the alcoholic, but always takes the blame is called the scapegoat. The other family member tries to make the alcoholic drink more and tries to hide the fact that alcohol is the problem and is called the enabler. Alcohol impacts teens and also families as well.

Air Pollution, Smog, Acid Rain, the Greenhouse Effect, and Ozone Deplet

Air pollution is a well-known problem throughout the world. Humans know that we are the major cause for air pollution and although we know this fact, we continue to pollute. We poison our air every day by throwing out enormous piles of garbage, burning tons of fossil fuels, and driving millions of miles each year, but do we truly know how much this affects our society and our Earth? Smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone depletion are some of the effects that have resulted from air pollution. Health effects caused by filthy air are also a serious problem that has resulted from pollution. Smog is a term that was created from smoke and fog. It is found most typically in urban and suburban areas rather than rural areas because air pollution occurs most often where there are large numbers of people. Exhaust fumes from vehicles are emitted into the air, and a chemical reaction takes place when these fumes react with sunlight, resulting in smog. Another type of smog is created from dirt particles in smoke from the chimneys of factories and houses (Stille 22). These dirt particles cling to drops of water in the air, which can make eyes water, noses itch, and throats scratchy and sore. People within these cities that deal with this murky haze are much more likely to experience discomfort and develop lung problems due to breathing in too much polluted air (Asimov 15). Acid rain, another effect of air pollution, is formed when sulfur-rich fuels such as coal and oil are burned and combined with water. This rain is harmful to our environment because sulfur creates an acid that kills fish, trees, plants, and crops. It also damages paint on cars and wears away the stone used in buildings and statues (Stille 31). Acid ra... ...s affecting the environment, self-interest should drive concern about the pollutants because it can severely affect one's health. Pollution has contributed to several diseases, especially many forms of cancer. With effort and motivation to reduce these effects from air pollution, we can begin to cleanup our air and make our Earth a better place for not only our future, but also our children's and grandchildren's future. Works Cited Asimov, Isaac. Why Is The Air Dirty? Milwaukee: Garth Stevens, Inc., 1992. Dolan, Edward F. Our Poisoned Sky. New York: Cobblehill Books, 1991 Oppenheimer, Michael, and Robert H. Boyle. Dead Heat: The Race Against the Greenhouse Effect. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1990. Stille, Darlene R. Air Pollution. Chicago: Childrens Press, Inc., 1990. Tate, Nicholas. The Sick Building Syndrome. Far Hills: New Horizon Press, 199

Tea Industry Analysis

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Indian tea industry The tea industry in India is about 170 years old. It occupies an important place and plays a very useful part in the national economy. Robert Bruce in 1823 discovered tea plants growing wild in upper Brahmaputra Valley. In 1838 the first Indian tea from Assam was sent to United Kingdom for public sale. Thereafter, it was extended to other parts of the country between 50's and 60's of the last century. However, owing to certain specific soil and climatic requirements its cultivation was confined to only certain parts of the country. Tea plantations in India are mainly located in rural hills and backward areas of North-eastern and Southern States. Major tea growing areas of the country are concentrated in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The other areas where tea is grown to a small extent are Karnataka, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Bihar and Orissa. Unlike most other tea producing and exporting countries, India has dual manufacturing base. India produces both CTC and Orthodox teas in addition to green tea. The weightage lies with the former due to domestic consumers’ preference. Orthodox tea production is balanced basically with the export demand. Production of green tea in India is small. The competitors to India in tea export are Sri Lanka, Kenya, China, Indonesia and Vietnam. Tea is an agro-based commodity and is subjected to vagaries of nature. Despite adverse agro climatic condition experienced in tea growing areas in many years, Indian Tea Plantation Industry is able to maintain substantial growth in relation to volume of Indian tea production during the last one decade. There has been a dramatic tilt in tea disposal in favour of domestic market since fifties. While at the time of Independence only 79 M. Kgs or about 31% of total production of 255 M. Kgs of tea was retained for internal consumption, in 2006 as much as 771 M. Kgs or about 81% of total production of 956 M. Kgs of tea went for domestic consumption. Such a massive increase in domestic consumption has been due to increase in population, greater urbanisation, increase in income and standard of living etc. Indian tea export has been an important foreign exchange earner for the country. There was an inherent growth in export earnings from tea over the years. Till 70s’, UK was the major buyer of Indian tea Since 80s’ USSR became the largest buyer of Indian tea due to existence of the trade agreement between India and erstwhile USSR. USSR happened to be the major buyer of Indian tea accounting for more than 50% of the total Indian export till 1991. However, with the disintegration of USSR and abolition of Central Buying Mechanism, Indian tea exports suffered a set back from 1992-93. However, Indian Tea exports to Russia/CIS countries recovered from the setback since 1993 under Rupee Debt Repayment Route facilities as also due to long term agreement on tea entered into between Russia and India. Depressed scenario again started since 2001 due to change in consumption pattern, i. e. switch over from CTC to Orthodox as per consumer preference and thus India has lost the Russian market. Another reason for decline in export of Indian tea to Russia is offering of teas at lower prices by China, South Asian countries like Indonesia and Vietnam. The major competitive countries in tea in the world are Sri Lanka, Kenya, China and Indonesia. China is the major producer of green tea while Sri Lanka and Indonesia are producing mainly orthodox varieties of tea. Kenya is basically a CTC tea producing country. While India is facing competition from Sri Lanka and Indonesia with regard to export of orthodox teas and from China with regard to green tea export, it is facing competition from Kenya and from other African countries in exporting CTC teas. Because of absence of large domestic base and due to comparatively small range of exportable items, Sri Lanka and Kenya have an edge over India to offload their teas in any international markets. This is one of the reasons of higher volume of export by Sri Lanka and Kenya compared to India. Another important point is that, U. K has substantial interest in tea cultivation in Kenya. Most of the sterling companies, after Indianisation due to implementation of FERA Act started tea cultivation in Kenya. So, it makes business sense for U. K. to buy tea from Kenya and Kenya became the largest supplier of tea to U. K. Tea is an essential item of domestic consumption and is the major beverage in India. Tea is also considered as the cheapest beverage amongst the beverages available in India. Tea Industry provides gainful direct employment to more than a million workers mainly drawn from the backward and socially weaker section of the society. It is also a substantial foreign exchange earner and provides sizeable amount of revenue to the State and Central Exchequer. The total turnover of the Indian tea industry is in the vicinity of Rs. 8000 Crs. Presently, Indian tea industry is having (as on 31. 12. 2006 ) 1655 registered Tea Manufacturers, †¢ 2008 registered Tea Exporters, †¢ 5148 number of registered tea buyers, †¢ Nine tea Auction centres. The Indian tea industry is witnessing a strong revival of fortunes with exports rising and domestic consumption gearing up. The industry saw an impressive 8. 8 percent increase in average tea auction prices in the five months ended August 200 4. The tea industry is one of the oldest organized industries in India with a large network of tea producers, retailers, distributors, auctioneers, exporters and packers. Tea is grown in more than 32 countries among which India is the largest producer. The industry provides direct employment to more than a million workers of which a sizeable number are women. More than two million people derive their livelihood from ancillary activities associated with production, value addition and marketing of tea. The tea trade is a major contributor to the country’s economy. Substantial foreign exchange earnings with negligible import content, contribution to the State and Central exchequers, preserving a pollution free biosphere and soil conversation are some of the important features of the tea industry. Tea Exports increase Due to global supply imbalance, tea exports from India during the Jan- Aug 2004, period increased to 107. 7 million kg against 92. 4 million kg in the corresponding period last year. However, the average price realizations dropped to Rs 83. 20 per kg in 2004 from Rs 100. 51 per kg in 2003. The rise in export volumes has been boosted by higher demand from Pakistan, Iran, Iraq and other gulf countries. The unconventional destinations like Japan, Germany, Singapore, Australia, USA and Canada have emerged as potential destinations in recent months where Indian tea is being exported in greater volumes and has recorded 88 percent growth in the first five months of calendar year. The all-India average export realization tumbled drastically by 17. 2 percent to Rs 83. 20 per kg in the five months ended August 2004, from Rs 100. 51 per kg in the corresponding previous period. The fall in the average export realization was relatively modest at 5 percent to Rs 118. 8 per kg in north India, while it was steeper at 16. percent to Rs 58. 61 per kg in south India. Even as exports rose, imports too, jumped sharply. There was a 225 percent increase in tea imports to 17. 83 mn kg in the five months ended August 2004 compared to 5. 47 mn kg in the corresponding period last year. {draw:frame} Tea is indigenous to India and is an area where the country can take a lot of pride. This is mainly because o f its pre-eminence as a foreign exchange earner and its contributions to the country's GNP. In all aspects of tea production, consumption and export, India has emerged to be the world leader, mainly because it accounts for 31% of global production. It is perhaps the only industry where India has retained its leadership over the last 150 years. Tea production in India has a very interesting history to it. The range of tea offered by India – from the original Orthodox to CTC and Green Tea, from the aroma and flavour of Darjeeling Tea to the strong Assam and Nilgiri Tea- remains unparalleled in the world. Tea trading in the domestic market is done in two ways- Auction and Private Selling. Market Reports are received from the six major auction centres in India, namely, Calcutta, Guwahati, Siliguri, Cochin, Coimbatore and *PEST ANALYSIS GLOBALLY *( u. k tea market ) Political Factors The UK Government supports the fair trading commitment for both the local consumers and foreign producers (News BBC, 2005). This is observed by a requirement on labeling that a stamp of â€Å"Fairtrade† must be included in the products for consumer reference. This is a way to give the buyers a chance to patronize those companies that are producing tea responsibly. However, this also shows that the UK Government do not have strict policies on fair trade. Due to this, the recent calls of Indian workers for the UK Government to act against Unilever due to unfair trade acts and the inability of the latter to act speedily on the matter have adverse consequences on future exporters. If big and global companies such as Unilever continue to rip profits un-scaled with the source plantation abroad, the competitiveness of new entrants would be reduced. For example, Unilever can engage to price wars as well as incur substantial growth funds. To address this scenario, prospective exporters are expected to create a niche market to go away with direct competition with large companies. In 2004, the calls of EU Commission against the UK Government to implement the â€Å"tea break† law concretized the significant role of tea in the country as well as the Union as a whole (BBC News, 2005). In contrast but in support to the increasing importance of tea in the UK, the Government used the gesture of providing free to all British to motivate them to go to the cherished Millennium Dome. Also, tea giving is also used to foster cohesion among British especially in 2005 where terrorist attacks plague the country (Watley Website). Throughout the UK political history since the introduction of tea in Britain by Catherine of Braganza and rationing of tea to UK soldiers of First World War, tea played a major role in government affairs. Thus, it can be concluded that the approach of the Government to tea imports are positive. However, there is still a question of protecting their local producers. Specifically, imports will only be allowed if local production is under shortage or if the country cannot get the internal benefits greater the cost of doing business with foreign tea manufacturers (Tea Website). In contrast, there are similar adverse actions that the Government imposed on tea campaigns (BBC News, 2007). For example, the Advertising Standards Authority apprehended the UK Tea Council, for dis-informing the market about the benefits of tea. Even though the Council cited several papers to prove that the press release is facts, the Authority argued the lack of substantial evidence. More importantly, the Authority wanted the council to avoid making ill-supported ads that may run counter to the health policies of the Government. Due to this, it can be said that the Government does not have a firm stand about the health benefits of tea. In effect, future ads to increase the market for tea may have weaker impact to consumers due to absence of full government support. However, as history suggests which includes events dated back as far as Opium Wars, UK Government places a substantial importance in tea trade. But the role of exporters such as Chinese merchants fell as UK have established its own tea fields in UK areas such as Cornwall. Economic Factors Comparing the UK tea prices of today and 1977 figures, supermarkets are selling tea bags much cheaper compared to several decades ago (Telegraph Website). This is a good opportunity for exporters because the natural resources as well as cheap labor in their home countries can be used to engage in price competition in the UK. However, there is a pitfall. This is true when the price of exported teas is so low that the operations of the exporters are in jeopardy once the market continuously put pressure on tea prices. There are several risk factors that influence of price reduction in of UK tea which can include competitive policies of retailers to as far as the weak US dollar. Due to this environment, exporters might not have much incentive in selling in the UK given that there are trade constraints and disincentives coupled with heavy competition. Ultimately, exporters have to battle with volume rather than quality. In contrast, there is an advantage of exporters who can offer innovative products. In this way, the market will not rely on price factors to affect their decisions rather to the qualities of tea products which is also the source of loyalty. There are numerous characteristics of UK that makes it an attractive destination for exporter goods. Being the second largest economy in Europe, UK is also one of the most globalized advanced economies the world (UK Statistics). There is an opportunity for exporters to exploit the inclusion of UK in the EU and the latter influence in the trade agreements of the former. When this is enforced, entry to UK market may serve as a window of opportunity to infiltrate EU state members. Free market is also the main framework of UK institutions which limits the influence of UK in trades. According to National Statistics, UK also has low inflation, unemployment and interest rates and ranked one of the most superior economies in the region. With this in mind, exporters can easily attached bulk of positive issues to the production, start-up and marketing environment in the country. In the contrary, UK still has problems in reducing income inequality. Although not a good sign in aggregate, exporters can use niche marketing to exploit this bottleneck. Competition, thus, is reduced when direct rivalry is spread over the income boundaries of the people. With respect to some concepts on tea business, influx of tea exports can reduce the capacities of monopolist but this can result to intense rivalry (Market Trade Fair). Thus, exporters can reduce the competitiveness of local producers. With cheaper labor and known abundant natural resources in developing countries, UK tea industry may not have the ability to coupe with them. Further, switching costs of tea products are low which makes customers have the higher bargaining especially in terms of price and quality. Considering this, exporters that have the upper hand in bringing broader variety of teas compared to local producers. With Asian touch to the products, the market may also feel that exports have higher nutritional value than local counterparts. However, there is a very high risk of failure in the industry especially if the location is UK. Profits margins are low, fixed assets are high, inventory are perishable and local producers may have been embedded. This is to exclude adverse corporate responsibility that may result to low margin such as the example of Unilever criticized approach in Indian tea farms. Social Factors It is internationally claimed that tea is the second most popular drink after water (Rico Magda Research, 2006). There are at least 800 million cups of tea that are consumed in a global scale. Of this figure, UK is the country that has the highest share per capita on a daily basis. Without demographic restrictions on the market regarding their preference of tea (i. e. at all ages), the UK tea market loomed to at half a billion value with everyday demand of tea at 160 million cups. According to Mintel Report, green tea is preferred by the market apart from red and black variants of tea because of green tea's relatively higher pleasurable taste and health benefits. As the country is on the peak of its becoming a cafe society culture (Elopak Website), numerous tea-makers all over the world saw opportunity of this trend. Not only is the basic qualities tea encouraging UK market to buy them. As a matter of fact, several new entrants that introduced different varieties and innovations on tea products are also becoming successful. Specialty teas such as those with spicy flavors are widely-accepted. The UK market continues to support tea-makers and retailers as long as they are able to address the health, safety and taste needs while innovation serves as a good foundation to introduce new products. If accepted, these innovations can make a demand shift from ordinary tea features to creative ones. Another illustration is the changing lifestyle of the UK market. The preceding features can also be successful if they are able to make tea as a representation of the one's consuming them. This is when stylish tea from niche players became critical. Thus, the growth in of tea industry in the UK is expected to be at least 7%. Delving to other health products, UK's consumption of oatmeal including porridge from 2003 to 2005 significantly increased at least 20% (Baker Website). This indicated that the health consciousness of consumers have revived several years ago. The interesting part is the large part of UK consumption of these products is sourced from cafes shops similar to teas. Convenience in eating as well as provision for healthy diet is two of the primary motivation of the consumer of their increased support. Parallel to iced tea, the positioning of cold cereal market is good with annual increase of at least 10%. This means that the typical intake of healthy products is changing (Food Quality News). With the aid of governmental information efforts, more UK people are developing the habit of evaluating the nutritional content of each product label before actual purchase. This improvement is an extension of 2000 shifts on health beliefs of the population. There are many benefits of tea from the Asian tests and experiences that are not yet as many as UK (Info Cancer Website). In fact, there are minimal UK studies to confirm that Asian evidence of cancer-minimizing capabilities of green tea. However, the UK market as well as some UK analyst has concluded that the Asian benefits are yet to be acquired by the country simply because the former is relatively consuming less quantities of tea. On the other hand, there are UK laboratory test that observed that tea has higher caffeine content than regular cola, energy drinks and chocolate. Caffeine is a substance that has positive effects to people such as increased alertness, treatment of asthma and aids blood flow. To be in safe levels of consumption, a person should not exceed 6 cups of tea in a day. Finally, increase caffeine consumption would lead to inability to sleep, nervousness and frequent palpitation of the heart (Tea Website). There are also studies that showed increased risk of bone illnesses such as osteoporosis and adverse effects on pregnancy if caffeine intake is not regulated. Technological Factors In European standards, UK agricultural production and its level of technology is efficient and highly-automized. As illustration, only 2% of its labor is in required to support sixty percent of its agricultural sector (Nutri-Ingredients). However, the list of main agricultural outputs of the country excludes tea. This is because that tea is abundant and typical to Asian regions. There are private companies such as Unilever that are able to re-produce tea in the UK. But this is generally limited in variety and in texture. For example, in 2003, White tea became a successful product introduction in the UK because it is an exotic plant to the consumers. Obviously, the advantage of producing and selling exotic teas in the UK is that it is a good hedge in any technological advancements and efficiency in production of developed countries. Also, medicinal value is believed to be redeemed for products that do not undergo intensive technological application. To this part, exporters would be encouraged to enter and compete the UK market because what they are offering are unique products. Historically, unique products have the ability to run against market trends (e. g. avoidance of lower prices). UK is one of those developed economies that maintained the role of agriculture in the economy despite radical shift of sectors towards service and manufacturing industries (IATC Website). In fact, the country is one of the leading nations that produce safe and efficient harvests. The quality of UK's products is reflected in its consumer protection against low quality and sometimes foreign foods. This can be a source of weakness against tea products from developing countries. The good issues are that China is a close trading partner of UK. The topography of UK includes fertile farmlands, favorable climate, pioneering breeding practices and application of science. However, these features may as well highlight the competitive advantage of Asian tea which is deriving in traditional, religious and cultural uniqueness. Even if some varieties of Asia teas are being able to be re-produced and propagated in UK, the impressions of healthy and effective may not be synonymous to all UK customers. Conclusion The PEST analysis above showed that Chinese tea exporters have a good opportunity in the UK market. The tea sector in the country has variety of advantages against exporters. This includes regulatory compatibility, consumer familiarity, efficient production practices, arable lands and high purchasing power of the people. On the contrary, Chinese exports have also its advantages such as traditional approach to production, unique land setting, embeddedness of tea as cultural medicine, competitive prices and a new look to tea products. The last feature and the health value Chinese tea exports would be the most critical factors for today's slowing tea sector. To address this issue, iced tea is the answer. This will defeat UK-based products especially if the Chinese exporter can offer cold and unique recipe of tea. Specifically, the ability of its product to be preferred by customers as hot or cold can be an indispensible characteristic to increase its market share abruptly. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Silver Step Exports is a trading and packaging company that specializes in high quality INDIAN TEAS RICE SUGAR WHEAT FLOUR vision : To be india’s foremost tea exporters. ACHIEVE MARKET THROUGH LEADERSHIP FOR BRANDED TEA WORLD WIDE. TO BE PERCIEVED AS MOST INNOVATIVE IN TEA BASED BEVERAGES LONG TERM PROFITABLE GROWTH VALUES : RESPONSIBILITY- Be responsible and sensetive abiding all the norms regulations of various countries. Product portfolio : Tea ( primary) Rice ( secondary ) Sugar( secondary) Service portfolio : Packing for reputed groups like :- Goplajee Hope life consumer care MANAGEMENT SUMMARY : Management comprises of highly qualified mangers at all the levels of the organization, experienced managers and consultants along with strong market research team forms the strong base for SILVER STEP EXPORTS. Top management has the clear vision to achieve and form the policies and strategies and take the organization to new heights . SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGHTS : Real strength of SSE lies in its capacity and capability to produce any kind of tea in any quantity with best possible quality. The capability and expertise of top management enables the organization to take quick and effective decisions. With a wide variety of product to offer SSE enjoys a premium segment of customers to which it caters with best quality product. Strengths at a glance : Superior quality Best prices Standardized product Total quality management programs Flexibility and adaptability. Innovation WEAKNESS Organizations operate in an economic and social environment which are to be taken care of by the organization itself, weakness Is not merely due to one specific factor but aggregate of many , Main weakness lies in, is of inventory a wide variety of tea ( approx. 30 flavours ) are available in the market keeping all the stock ready at one point of time is sometimes risky as thw quality may detoriate over a period of time. Hence, piling up inventories is sometimes a problem for the organization. Inventory management Price fluctuations ( industry based factor) OPPORTUNITIES Tea is an incredibly ancient beverage. For thousands of years leaves have fallen into the cups of great rulers, philosophers and spiri tual leaders. Man has learned the way of the leaf. We have made this revered beverage a central part of almost every world culture. Can there be anything new to add? It's a question I ponder every year. And, at the beginning of every year here I sit at the computer like a cartoon figure with an angel on one shoulder and a tiny devil on the other, a victim of my own conflicting opinions. With increasing demand for tea worldwide and with innovation taking place every now and then creating new and better products SILVER STEP EXPORTS aims to achieve a high growth rate capturing new markets in DOMESTIC as well as INTERNATIONAL markets. With the ever increasing demand for tea SSE has a long way to go adding new products to its basket and creating new and bigger markets globally. SSE also has RICE AND SUGAR in its baskets which also has a very high market and potential to grow even better so SSE can also aim at exporting these products along with the excellence in tea trade. OPPORTUNITIES AT A GLANCE. : Capturing more market share. Domestic market capturing Exporting tea Exporting rice and sugar. Creating new brands. THREATS There has been a significant value erosion in the tea market, with regional players offering mediocre products at low prices or with ttractive promotions Despite the fact that tea is the most traditional and affordable beverage in India – and probably because of as well – it is perceived as being old fashioned and less functional than some substitute products. With increasing delicacy it is difficult to retain customers for using quality products as the duplicate products are of che aper quality and therefore are available for low prices Increasing local players. Duplicacy Cheap quality at lower prices General competition level Consumer taste and preferences. BUSINESS MODEL Marketing plan & its strategies makes product race incompetitive situation and executes brand image, which givesloyal customers to the company. It helps the product to make its independent identity offer diverse brands after taking local tastes into account. Our products vary in terms of blend, pricing and packaging formats to cater to the unique needs of each segment. † strategy is to invest in long-term brand building for sustained growth. Strengthen our business in existing geographies †¢ Expansion into new geographies New product development and building business in – Black Tea – Fruit and Herbal Infusions – Ready to Drink Teas – Out of home †¢ Building operational capability to enable the commercial business to achieve growth †¢ Management Strength Increase market share. †¢ Generate brand awareness within consumer target market and business target market. †¢ The road ahead promises plenty. The goal is to m ove the brand portfolio from its current 19 per cent value share to a 25 per cent value share in the medium term {draw:frame} DISTRIBUTION PLAN draw:frame} {draw:frame} COMETETIVE ANALYSIS FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE Organization has grown at a rapid pace capturing new markets in a very short span of time of its operation. *KEY SUCCESS FACTOR & strategies*. Success mantra for SILVER STEP EXPORTS lies in the : Procurement of raw materials . Suppliers Manpower No compromise on quality. Top level management of SSE allows the organization to work in the most effective and efficient manner . SSE believes in providing best value to its customer, Hence no compromise on quality. Market segmentation: â€Å"It consists of a group of customer who share similar set of wants † Geographically †¢ South India, southeast India, southwest India, north india , J&k , Punjab and haryana Social class**: †¢ Working class, middle class, upper middle class FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONS Training was u ndergone in the field of marketing wherein a detail study of tea market was carried out as in what type of product is liked in various parts of the world. SSE has a very wide scope in the domestic as well as international market A strong hold in domestic markets like J&K , Punjab , Haryana, U. P serves SSE as a base , an opportunity to build on its market and create a name for itself by securing more customer base This is possible on through the supply chain The Super stockiest , agents, wholesalers and retailers Which has been a strength for SSE. SSE has been a market leader in flavoured tea market. KEY LEARININGS IN THE ORGANIZATION : During the course of my internship I gained a lot from the organization way of working , its mission , objectives and methods adopted to accomplish it, Some key learnings are : Brisk decision making Creating harmony among the levels of organization. Effectively control the supply chain. No company owned retail outlets. No direct reach to the consumers. CONCLUSION : The road ahead promises plenty. Tea market has a very wide potential to grow with wide variety of tea available and increasing demand of tea worldwide, Tea Trade has emerged as a new dimension of trade to the world with ever increasing rise in consumption of tea it has opened a wide new markets to explore and cater to their demand. Besides the domestic consumption a surplus is found to exist in the end which can be used to cater demand of other countries so that