A Research On Collaborative Research - 1325 Words

Collaborative research Collaborations in research is necessary especially for the researchers to answer questions that they would not be able to if they have worked alone. It is necessary to understand what is the main goal of the project and what is the role of each collaborators in order to achieve such goal. Collaborators may work independently from the very beginning or at certain stages of the research but they should always keep in mind the project s larger picture. By clearly describing the roles and responsibility of each collaborators, making of clear plans of management, cooperation and above all fairness will increase the chances of positive outcome of a collaborative research. In collaborative research communication plays the†¦show more content†¦In other words, the person who owns the data have power and control over it as well According to Loshin, 2002 The control of information includes not just the ability to access, create, modify, package, derive benefit from, sell or remove data, but also the right to assign these access privileges to others Sometimes for the advancement of the science these data ownership have the ability to share the data with the colleagues. so in 1998 Scofield suggest replacing the term ‘ownership’ with ‘stewardship’, â€Å"because it implies a broader responsibility where the user must consider the consequences of making changes over ‘his’ data†. In order to analyze the data ownership we must be sure about who collects the data and under whose intellectual guidance it is collected. If the answer to both are same and the person(s) owns the data. On the other hand in case of federally funded research for example when the National Institutes of Health (NIH) of US Department of Health and Human Services awards a research grant to a university then all the data collected are usually owned by the university or the grantee institution. Most of the grants are awarded to the institutions and not to the individual. The person who submits the grants on behalf of the institution is called the principal investigator(PI). The PI serve as a steward of the federal funds and other aspects of

10 Fascinating Facts About Ants

In many ways, ants can outwit, outlast, and outnumber humans. Their complex, cooperative societies enable them to survive and thrive in conditions that would challenge any individual. Here are 10 fascinating facts about ants that just might convince you that while you wouldnt welcome them to your next picnic, theyre still pretty amazing creatures. 1. Ants Have Super-Human Strength Ants can carry objects 50 times their own body weight in their jaws. Relative to their size, their muscles are thicker than those of larger animals—even humans. This ratio enables them to produce more force and carry larger objects. If you  had muscles in the proportions of ants, youd be able to heave a Hyundai over your head! 2. Soldier Ants Use their Heads to Plug Holes In certain ant species, the soldier ants have modified heads, shaped to match the nest entrance. They block access to the nest by sitting just inside the entrance, with their heads functioning like a cork in a bottle to keep intruders at bay. When a worker ant returns to the nest, it touches the soldier ants head to let the guard know it belongs to the colony. 3. Ants Can Form Symbiotic Relationship with Plants Ant plants, or myrmecophytes, are plants that have naturally occurring hollows in which ants can take shelter or feed. These cavities may be hollow thorns, stems, or even leaf petioles. The ants live in the hollows, feeding on sugary plant secretions or the excretions of sap-sucking insects. What does a plant get for providing such luxurious accommodations? The ants defend the host plant from herbivorous mammals and insects and may even prune away parasitic plants that attempt to grow on it. 4. The Total Biomass of Ants The Biomass of People How can this be? After all, ants are so tiny, and were so much bigger. That said, scientists estimate there are at least 1.5 million ants on the planet for every human being. Over 12,000 species of ants are known to exist, on every continent except Antarctica. Most live in tropical regions. A single acre of Amazon rainforest may be home to 3.5 million ants. 5. Ants Sometimes Herd Insects of Other Species Ants will do just about anything to get the sugary secretions of sap-sucking insects, such as aphids or leafhoppers. To keep the honeydew in close supply, some ants herd aphids, carrying the soft-bodied pests from plant to plant. Leafhoppers sometimes take advantage of this nurturing tendency in ants and leave their young to be raised by the ants. This allows the leafhoppers to raise another brood. 6. Some Ants Enslave Other Ants Quite a few ant species take captives from other ant species, forcing them to do chores for their own colony. Honeypot ants even enslave ants of the same species, taking individuals from foreign colonies to do their bidding. Polyergus queens, also known as Amazon ants, raid the colonies of unsuspecting Formica ants. The Amazon queen finds and kills the Formica queen, then enslaves the Formica workers. The slave workers help the usurping queen rear her own brood. When her Polyergus offspring reach adulthood, their sole purpose is to raid other Formica colonies and bring back their pupae, ensuring a steady supply of slave workers. 7. Ants Lived Alongside Dinosaurs Ants evolved some 130 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period. Most fossil evidence of insects is found in lumps of ancient amber, or fossilized plant resin. The oldest known ant fossil, a primitive and now extinct ant species named Sphercomyrma freyi, was found in Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey. Though that fossil only dates back 92 million years, another fossil ant that proved nearly as old has a clear lineage to present-day ants, which suggests a much longer evolutionary line than previously assumed. 8. Ants Started Farming Long Before Humans Fungus-farming ants began their agricultural ventures about 50 million years before humans thought to raise their own crops. The earliest evidence suggests ants began farming as early as 70 million years ago, in the early Tertiary period. Even more amazing, these ants used sophisticated horticultural techniques to enhance their crop yields, including secreting chemicals with antibiotic properties to inhibit mold growth and devising fertilization protocols using manure. 9. Ant Supercolonies Can Stretch Thousands of Miles Argentine ants, native to South America, now inhabit every continent except Antarctica due to accidental introductions. Each ant colony has a distinctive chemical profile that enables members of the group to recognize one another and alerts the colony to the presence of strangers. Scientists recently discovered that massive supercolonies in Europe, North America, and Japan all share the same chemical profile, meaning they are, in essence, a global supercolony of ants. 10. Scout Ants Lay Scent Trails to Guide Others to Food By following pheromone trails laid by scout ants from their colony, foraging ants can gather and store food efficiently. A scout ant first leaves the nest in search of food, wandering somewhat randomly until it discovers something edible. It then consumes some of the food and returns to the nest in a direct line. It seems scout ants can observe and recall visual cues that enable them to navigate quickly back to the nest. Along the return route, the scout ants leave a trail of pheromones—which are special scents they secrete—that guide their nestmates to the food. The foraging ants then follow the path designated by the scout ant, each one adding more scent to the trail to reinforce it for others. Worker ants continue walking back and forth along the trail until the food source is depleted.

The Impact Of Terrorism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1615 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Terrorism Essay Did you like this example? According to Bloom (2011), terrorism is widely used by the weak in the struggle against the strong. Terrorism is non-conventional warfare to confront strong and conventional armies. Modern armies are well armed and engaging them in conventional warfare for non-state actors is foolish. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Terrorism" essay for you Create order Most terrorist groups lack the resources or labor to fight such a war. Instead, terrorism is an attractive option because it focuses on soft targets that are hard to protect but they cause damage and create fear. The objective of terrorism is to create fear to force the strong group to accept concessions if the enemy does not want to engage in an endless war. Terrorism is mostly associated with the men but women are also actively engaged in terror activities. However, the impact of terrorism is different for men and women. Women, although they can be perpetrators, are likely to be victims. Children, on the other hand, are victims and perpetrators but they experience violence differently. Their young and impressionable mind makes them easier to manipulate to engage in all forms of atrocities while also suffering as victims. Women are mostly victims of terror attacks. Women have suffered from terror attacks around the world for various reasons. However, on the other hand, some women have joined terror groups. According to Weinberg Eubank (2011), women actively participated in violent activities in Russia long before women in the west gained the right to vote. For instance, a Russian woman almost killed Lenin, the Russian revolutionary leader who introduced communism in Russia after the removal and execution of Tsar Nicholas from power. Prior to that event, and following the emancipation of the serfs in the 19th century, a period of general instability ensued in Russia. One of the groups fomenting chaos was Peoples Will and women played a key role in its activities. One of its members, Vera Zasulich, shot and almost killed the governor general of the St. Petersburg. This terror group also managed to kill Czar Alexander II in 1881, an event that destabilized Russia greatly. Within that group, women played a critical role in the planning and executing the Russian leader. In The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), women were also active. In general, the group used terrorism to achieve its objective and one of its branches was the Combat Organization that carried out a string of assassinations until the outbreak of the revolution in Russian that replaced the monarchy with communism. In the United States and the west in general, anarchist groups had women as their most important members. One of these women was Emma, whom the government jailed severally for her activities of fomenting chaos and violence. Women also played a role in Israel and particularly former president Meir. In Algeria, they also played a role in fighting against the French. In Palestine, one of the symbols of the resistance against the Jewish rule is a woman named Khaled. Even today, women continue to play a critical role in the struggle against the Jewish state by protecting jihadists or aiding them in many ways. For instance, liberation fighters use unarmed women to provoke Israeli soldiers to attack them so that the resultant media coverage can benefit Palestinian cause and discredit the Israeli state. Despite the clear involvement of women in terrorism and terror-related activities, international law response to terrorism has refused to consider the fact. Therefore, existing studies explore the issue from a gendered perspective where the perpetrator is male (Huckerby, 2014). The result is the exclusion of experiences of women and an unclear picture of what really happens to women in terror-prone regions. Furthermore, the exclusion of women had led to a situation where the impact of counter-terrorism activities on women is unknown. If the impact is negative, efforts meant to address violence leads to adverse outcomes on women and girls, different from the original intention of the policymakers. Despite the exclusion of women, governments are implementing measures to address the issue. One of the ways they are doing that is to explore the impact of terrorism on women. Secondly, governments fighting insurgents are using to fight propaganda from jihadists (Huckerby, 2014). Moreover, because women play a critical role in society such as mentoring young people, sharing messages that counter those of terrorists make it harder for groups to recruit young men and women in communities. Their role in fighting insurgents is attracting attention. Women are prominent members of the society and have influence in their own right and including them in the fight against terror groups can yield good results. The United Nations have recognized the important role of women in recognizing early signs of radicalization and dealing with it. In discussions on how to fight international terrorism, experts now think that women can offer help (Chowdhury, Zeiger Bhulai, 2016). The problem, though, is the role of women in addressing the issue is now well studied. However, despite that, emerging evidence from Pakistan suggests that with the right training, women can make children reaching adulthood avoid recruitment. Women are closer to children, so they can use that closeness to advise them against joining terror groups (Chowdhury, Zeiger Bhulai, 2016). In that sense, women can act as preventers of terrorism. The problem with that strategy is that it might expose them to greater danger of violence from terror groups. However, women are not just victims. Researchers have documented that women do act as perpetrators of violence. They fight in the frontlines or in supportive activities like making bombs and generally offering moral support to attackers. Therefore, by engaging with them directly, it reduces their chances of engaging in acts of terror. According to Horgan, Taylor, Bloom Winter (2016), some aspects of childrens response to large-scale violence are not well studied. One of the less understood areas is the motivation to use children as targets of terror and as perpetrators. However, preliminary evidence suggests that terror groups and even government soldiers target children to create an environment of fear. In Pakistan, the Taliban targeted children so that they can cause fear and terror in families. Also, by killing children of government officers or soldiers, the group hopes to inflict the pain on those who fight the group on the frontline. The objective is not just to kill but inflict pain by targeting the innocent and helpless ones. The killing of children also provokes a massive amount of revulsion mixed with fear, which is the objective of any terror group. Without causing fear, terror group cannot be effective or force the government to negotiate. The extent of the violence against children is massive (Horgan, Taylor, Bloom Winter, 2016). Even in developed countries such as the United States, violent groups have not spared children from violence. Episodic violence such as Sandy Hook attack leaves scores of children dead or injured. Children are also easy targets for recruitment by groups because they are vulnerable. Terror groups recruit them to serve as fighters or as sex slaves if they are girls. Some groups such as the Lords Resistance Army in northern Uganda used children exclusively as fighters. During the American war of independence, the revolutionaries used children extensively. Children, some as young as seven years old, played important roles as war as scouts or in supportive functions. Boko Haram, a terror group operating in northern Nigeria uses children as suicide bombers. Hamas use young people or adolescents as suicide. These groups find children easier to handle and indoctrinate so that they can cause mass causalities in the war on terror. Children experience terror differently compared to men and women. On one hand, they are victims when attackers kill them. When they survive death, terror groups use them as a form of human shields when fighting government soldiers. They fight in the frontline, taking much of the fire, while the older fighters remain in the background. Once they have softened the attack, the mature men attacks now join the frontline. During its war with Iraq, Iran extensively by encouraging them to walk on mined fields to demine them. Also, non-state actors such as Boko Haram victimize children when they kidnap them to act as sex slaves and suicide bombers. Some groups, particularly in Africa, exclusively use children as soldiers. One such group is the Lords Resistance Army that used to operate in Northern Uganda. On those dimensions, the experiences of children are different. For women, they might suffer violence and sex slavery but rarely do fighters force them to join the war. For men, terrorist groups might force them to take arms but they do not suffer from sexual exploitation. In conclusion, it is evident that women and men can be victims as well as perpetrators of terrorism. In the case of women, they are often likely to be victims, judging from the latest incidents of terrorism in the Middle East and Africa. In the Darfur region of Sudan, terror groups rape women as part of ethnic cleansing and erasing the identity of undesirable groups. In the Middle East, ISIS use women as sex slaves. Men not allied to the terror groups are killed or forced to join the violence as perpetrators. In some cases, women have been fighting for terrorists. Therefore, the experiences of women and men differ to some extent. However, in international law and studies on terrorism, the focus has been on men to the exclusion of children and women. The gendered view has led to some misunderstanding but it is now clear that including women in every aspect of counter-terrorism has benefits. One of the benefits is fighting the propaganda messages from terror groups. Other than women, another group whose experiences in dealing with terror the international law has relegated to the periphery is children.

Do Animals Have Rights Essay - 3736 Words

Do Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there must first be an agreed upon standard by which the opposing sides of the arguments are judged. For the argument about the use of animals for laboratory testing, that standard will be the Word of God. â€Å"And God said, ‘Let the land produce living†¦show more content†¦The Bible is clear in its teaching that rulers are supposed to be good stewards of their resources and subjects. This means that when a person is set as a ruler over someone or something else, their duty is to look out for those that they rule. The use of the Bible as a standard shows that the laboratory testing of animals is acceptable when used to save or prolong human life. The organization PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) defines animal rights as meaning the following: ...that animals deserve certain kinds of consideration - consideration of what is in their own best interests regardless of whether they are cute, useful to humans, or an endangered species and regardless of whether any human cares about them at all (just as a mentally-challenged human has rights even if he or she is not cute or useful or even if everyone dislikes him or her). It means recognizing that animals are not ours to use - for food, clothing, entertainment, or experimentation. PETA ONLINE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS. PETA separates animal rights from another term animal welfare. Animal welfare is stated as follows by PETA, Animal welfare theories accept that animals have interests but allow these interests to be traded away as long as there are some human benefits that are thought to justify that sacrifice. PETA ONLINE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS. PETA believes that animals should have a certain set of rights. However, those rightsShow MoreRelatedDo Animals Have Rights?900 Words   |  4 PagesDo Animals Have Rights? Animals have rights, or at least they should. Animals are not for us to eat, experiments on, wear or abuse in any which way. It is cruel to treat animals like they are not living souls. Animals are not tools that we can use however we want. They too have hearts and brains like us humans. Therefore, animals have all the rights to live their own lives without suffering and free from exploitation (Why). Animal testing is performed for the making of human products. Even afterRead MoreShould Animals Do Not Have Rights?1005 Words   |  5 PagesHumans have always had a relationship with animals. Animals have always been and continues to be a source for food, work, clothing, experiments, and much more. To that, we owe them a great deal of gratitude. There has been much and ongoing debate over whether these practices are morally justified or not. Do non-human animals actually have rights? In this paper, I will argue that animals do not have rights. I will defend my claim by including arguments made by Carl Cohen and I will include possibleRead MoreDo Animals Have Rights...a Philosophical View4001 Words   |  17 PagesDo Animals Have Rights? Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This pressing question has been around for at least the past two centuries. During the early nineteenth century, animal experiments emerged as an important method of science and, in fact, marked the birth of experimental physiology and neuroscience as we currently know it. There were, however, guidelines that existed even back then which restricted the conditions of experimentation. These early rules protected the animalsRead MoreDo Animals Have Rights. Animals Are Used To Test The Products3736 Words   |  15 PagesDo Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there must first beRead MoreDo Animals Have A Say?: Comparative Analysis of Animal Rights, Human Wrongs and Proud to be Speciecist1188 Words   |  5 Pagesof animal testing for human advantages has always been a debatable topic. It is still undecided whether the use of animals for human benefits is morally right. On the other hand it is scientists and researchers who think that animals are good testing subjects because of various reasons such as preventing harmful products or finding cures to diseases. The two essays â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs† by Tom Regan and â€Å"Proud to be Speciesist† by Stephen Rose talk about the concerns of animal rights butRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights1627 Words   |  7 Pages Animal rights is a very controversial topic in today’s world. This controversy began back in 1975 when Peter Singer’s novel Animal Liberation was published. In the book, Singer explains the issues we still face at the top of animal protectionism today. Although Singer and his theories enlightened a lot of people of animal protectionism, he actually did not start the animal rights debate. People started questioning the status of animals all the way back to ancient Greece. Some people in these timesRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal And Animal Rights990 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of good and bad, right and wrong, moral principles or value held by a person or society, promoting human welfare, maximizing freedom minimizing pain and suffering is called ethics. The discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings and also the value and moral status of the environment and its non-human contents is called environmental ethics. It considers the ethical relationshi p between the humans and the environment. Animal and animal rights are the highlighted topic inRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Rights Non-human animals are given rights only because of their interactions with human beings. Without involvement with humans, animals do not deserve rights. It is through this interaction with humans that animals are even given moral consideration. We do not give rights to a rock simply because it is a creation of Mother Nature, similarly non-human animals do not have rights unless it is in regards to humans. As pointed out by Jan Narveson morality is a sort of agreement amongRead MoreAnimal Rights Vs. Legal Fiction1388 Words   |  6 Pages People have always fought for rights. This is proven by history. The United State’s fight for rights, the women’s fight for rights, and the African American’s fight for rights shows us that in the end everybody has the ability to gain rights. But what about those who can not speak for themselves? What of the animals? Many people were once thought of as property, as animals are today. This should be changed, as it has been ma ny times over history. Animals should have certain rights. The main argumentRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Should Not Be A Big Deal1415 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Cruelty Almesha Jones (Mesha) Introduction and Background All around the world, people are abusing animals. Animal cruelty is a big deal because some people do not look at animals as being important; some people do not see a problem with hurting them. Animal cruelty can be define as being a malicious treatment that can cause undue pain or being mistreated. Seeing an animal get brutalize by some humans seems to be cruel. Getting kicked in the ribs, left for starvation and even used for entertainment

Essay on Princes and Paupers - 1400 Words

Princes and Paupers Year by year the world becomes more sharply divided by two. On the one hand, there are the advanced, industrial, developed, with mature economics. And then there are the rest--developing, less developed, underdeveloped, undeveloped, and pre-industrial. The exact description is unimportant; for the basic division is, of course, one between the rich and the poor. What does it mean to be poor? It has always been advantageous to be born on the right side of the tracks. But the accident of birth has never had quite the significance that it holds today, for every child born to parents in the developed countries, seven are born in the underdeveloped world. This fact, above all else, will determine the course of†¦show more content†¦These, of course, are basic items that are consumed daily in the West. Next time you have a cup of coffee or a glass of iced tea think about where it came from and what it took to get it to you. Because of our love for beef, Westerners consume close to one ton of grain per year, and more than three-quarters of that is first transformed into animal products. It actually takes ten pounds of grain protein to produce one pound of beef protein. People in poor countries consume less than one-fifth of that amount. Westerners who are concerned about the pressure of population on the world food resources should remember that their typical family of four are consuming more grain than it would take to feed a poor Indian couple with eighteen children. One of the most absurd aspects of poverty is the massive protein consumption of household pets in the West. In the United States, eighty-five million cats and dogs consume more protein than all of Latin America. Ironically, most of the protein that the animals in the United States consume comes from Latin America. The mal-distribution of the worlds food resources is possible only because income is so inequitably distributed. The world food market matches supply with effective demand. Whatever those with money want, even if it isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mark Twains The Prince and the Pauper655 Words   |  3 Pages BOOK REPORT TITLE: The Prince and the Pauper AUTHOR: Mark Twain CLASSIFICATION: Adventure/Action/Classic SETTING: This story takes place in England during the time of King Henry XIII. It is set mainly in Offal Court and Westminster Palace. CHARACTER STUDY: In this story there are two look alikes. Tom Comty was born to a poor family in Offal Court. He looked identical to the Prince of Wales, Edward Tudor. Edward Tudor was born to royalty. He was the heir to the throne. There was only oneRead MoreComprehension And Responding For Literature1734 Words   |  7 Pagescomprehension. Comprehension and responding to literature is one method I believe that will assist learners to gain more understand from the text they read. I was honored to carry out this activity; the book that was used was â€Å"The Prince and the Pauper† Olmstead, Akib, Twain (2007).This book contains various chapters; however, our focus was on the first chapter. The story was very interesting and evoked curiosity, as I read aloud with the child. Read aloud promotes various opportunitiesRead More Evils of Monarchy and Society in the Works of Mark Twain Essay2338 Words   |  10 Pagescivilization, attacks societys ideals, and assaults commonly held beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prince and the Pauper has often been written off as just another childrens book.   It is seen as Twains first experience with historical fiction, which simply led into Twains more famous work, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court.   However, Twain starts to show his disapproval of monarchies in this book.   Edward, the Prince of England, and a common beggar boy, Tom Canty, switch clothes and identities, throwingRead MoreEssay about Mark Twain1654 Words   |  7 Pageswas a considerably important component in what are considered Twains best two novels. When Twain was a young boy read a story about the royalty in England and that story along with his travels to Europe are what mused Twain to write The Prince and the Pauper and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. The historic legends of the royalty along with modern influences are what the novels are built on. Mark Twain utilized influences from his own biographical information; he also employed theRead MoreLocke And John Lockes Theory On Personal Identity860 Words   |  4 Pagestheory. A common story that is linked to Locke’s theory goes as follows and was mentioned in a video titled â€Å"What Makes Me Human?† the video explains that Locke thought that if â€Å"a Prince and a Pauper switched memories, and the Pauper had committed a crime then it would be the person with the prince’s body and the Paupers memories that deserved punishment† (Video source. 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Case Management Plan for Janice Jones free essay sample

Janice has cut herself off from all her friends and relies heavily on her daughter Dorothy to handle her daily affairs. She explains that she needs a drink just to get out of bed and another before she eats breakfast that her daughter comes over every morning and prepares. If it weren’t for Dorothy she probably wouldn’t eat. Just to get through the day she must drink and the day she was arrested was after Dorothy and she had spent the morning doing her weekly grocery shopping. Janice explains that since her divorce she has been terminated from her position as a paralegal; for missing too many days of work. She is living off the alimony she receives from her ex-husband who is an airline pilot. You explain to Janice that she must stop drinking before there can progress with her personal issues. Janice hesitantly expresses she is ready to stop drinking. After a complete compilation of Janice’s social history you have tentatively diagnosed her with the following disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) retrieved. Dependent Personality Disorder Axis IV- Recent Divorce/Unemployment Axis V- 60 Since Janice has agreed to stop drinking you realize that you have a potential crisis situation. According to About. Com Alcoholism â€Å"When a heavy or frequent drinker suddenly decides to quit â€Å"cold turkey† they will experience some physical withdrawal symptoms which can range from mildly annoying to severe and even life-threatening† retrieved 5/1/2012. Janice has admitted to being a daily heavy user of alcohol for a little over six months. You have noticed that she appears to have some shaking of her hands which could be the beginning of Delirium Tremors (DT’s). You decide to ask her to go to the local hospital which has a specific unit for alcohol and substance withdrawal. She agrees and you take her to the hospital where she is immendialtly admitted and given Valium to ease the withdrawal symptoms she has already begun to show. The nurse explains that you have done the right thing and that Janice will remain hospitalized for the next 7 to 10 days. She advises there be no contact for the first five days. That by then her head will of cleared and she will have passed through the worst of the withdrawals. You ask Janice if you would like her to visit and possibly get started on her treatment plan so she has a plan of action upon her release. She reluctantly agrees. You return to see Janice on day 5 of her treatment to discuss her treatment plan. According to Summers Janice is in the 3rd stage of recovery â€Å"developing a treatment plan† (2009 p330). However after you speak with her you quickly realize that she is not in stage 3 but stage 2 â€Å"contemplation† (Summers 2009 p330). Janice complains that she just doesn’t know if she’s ready. That ever since she stopped drinking she has all these emotions that she feels she is not ready to deal with. The nurse informs you that she spends hours in her room crying and refuses to engage in any of the programing designed to prepare her for her release. This is what Summers defines as â€Å"Ambivalence† a normal and expected response. Summers continues to explain â€Å"that collaboration and good listening skills are very important at this stage† (2009 p330). Janice talks a lot about her daughter Dorothy who has yet to come visit. You take this as a prime opportunity to possibly get Dorothy involved in the treatment. You ask her if it would be alright for you to contact Dorothy and discuss her recovery plans. Janice agrees. You put together the appropriate release forms giving her authority to discuss with her daughter how she can be an intricate part of Janice’s treatment. She signs the forms and you express your interest in picking her up in 3 days to get started on her treatment plan so there is no question about what is expected of her. Janice agrees. The next day you meet with Janice’s daughter Dorothy who expresses her concern about her mother’s dependence on her since the separation and subsequent divorce. Dorothy explains how her mother’s every waking moment has been spent consuming alcohol and that she cannot go on living like this. You comfort her by explaining how you had diagnosed Janice with Dependent Personality Disorder and how important it is for her to be supportive of her mother as they work through these issues. Dorothy and you put together a tentative plan detailing her role in her mother’s recovery. Upon Janice’s release you are there as planned and take her back to your office to put together her treatment plan and you encourage her to embrace her new beginning as a productive, vibrant, individual living in recovery not only free of her alcoholism but her new role as a single women too. The first question you ask Janice is what she wants to see happen in her recovery. She confidently replies, â€Å"remain sober first of all. † Janice goes on to say before her husband left her she was lucky to drink one maybe two drinks a week. You suggest she begin attending Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) meetings. You explain how AA has helped millions to recover from alcoholism and that you feel this would be a great start for her. She can get a sponsor and begin working the 12 steps. Together you decide this will be one of Janice’s first goals to attend AA meetings at least four times a week, get a sponsor and remain sober all while working the 12step program of AA. You write this as one of Janice’s first goals. Janice expresses her concern over the DUI ticket and her suspended license. You calm her by explaining that she will most likely be given driving privileges once the charge is disposed of. You tell her that you will set her up with GCBH’s lawyer who will take over her defense if she so desires. Janice agrees and this becomes another goal to apply for driving privileges, dispose of legal matters and serve out any fines or sanctions. You explain to Janice how you are concerned with her depression, crying spells and dependence on other. Janice expresses how she just feels totally lost without her husband and can’t picture her life without him. You ask if she is having any suicidal houghts. After a brief pause she shyly admits to them when she was drinking but since she is sober she no longer is feeling that way. You express your concerns and suggest seeing a psychiatrist for the depression. You ask if she would be against medication for her symptoms, reluctantly she says no. Having determined this as goal number three you move on to her dependence on others and her need to come to terms with her divorce. GCBH has an excellent staff of Psychological Therapists and you feel that Janice would benefit greatly from their services. Janice agrees and you move on to employment. Janice quickly jumps in and says adamantly she is not ready to return to work. She goes on to explain that she receives more than enough money from her husband’s alimony payments and feels time better spent focusing on her. You agree and move on. Finally, you express you concern over her lack of social relationships. Dorothy explained that all your friends either abandoned you and stuck with your husband or have avoided you because of your drinking. Janice shook her head and said her friends tried so hard to be there for her but she shoved them out as she wallowed in her alcoholism. I suggest she discuss this in her therapy sessions and that her goal will be to begin making amends to these friends according to the 12 step program. Janice and you have gone over a lot of information. You’ve set short term and long term goals and you definitely have put together a workable treatment plan for the next few months. You express your gratitude for Janice getting serious about her treatment plan and inform her you will arrange all her appointments and be in contact with her soon. You set an appointment to see her again in one week which concludes your meeting.

21st Century Leadership-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the purpose of this assignment is to write a Critical Literature Review on the topic of 21st Century Leadership". Answer: Introduction: 21st century leadership is all about responding to the changes that are happening in this dynamic world. The new leadership is not only dependent on the people in charge but it requires the participation of all the associated links. Understanding the evolving trends in leadership styles and theories is very important and it is becoming the area of interest for many researchers. Various theories have been introduced regarding leadership since years and those theories have evolved with time. This evolution is because of one of the most important and impactful driving factor that is change. The dynamic environment of the organisations and the industries all over the world has forced the leaders to make alterations in their leadership style. The leaders are required adapt to handle the changes in every sphere of business either it is human resource, production, or marketing. In order to understand the concept, it is required to study the trends in the evolution of leadership from early times to contemporary era and it is also required to understand the factors that have impact on the changing leadership styles. Thus, in the context developed here, this report presents a succinct literature of the 21st century leadership style comparing and contrasting it with the classical leadership styles. What is leadership? Gary Yukl (2006) suggests that leadership is the process that allows the leaders to influence other people in order to perform the activities that are required to be done and how they should be done. In the opinion of the author leadership is the collective approach to achieve the shared objectives. On the other hand, Peter Northhouse (2007) suggests that leadership is the process in which an individual has to influence the group of other individuals so that they can collectively achieve a common goal. These definitions suggest that leadership is about influencing others so that ultimate gaols can be achieved by shared efforts of all the people that include the leaders as well as their followers. There are many theories on leadership which have undergone many changes and modifications with time as per the changes occurred in the associated factors (Avolio and Yammarino, 2013). This makes the 21st century leadership very different from the other leadership styles that had been followed by the leaders in past. Key competencies of 21st century leadership: Competencies can be defined as the qualities of an individual or an organisation. To analyse the leadership competencies, it is required to understand the skills required for being a leader in 21st century (Baron, 2016). Some of the key competencies for 21st century leaders are discussed below: Communication: It is the very important competency that the leaders of 21st century are required to follow. Indirect communication or any gap in the communication leads to many issues in the organisation. Thus, for making a better information flow, it is required for the leaders to communicate properly with subordinates and with colleagues as well (Burns, 2012). Strategic and critical thinking: In todays era, smart working is required than hard working and thus there is a need of strategic thinker at the place of leader so that effective strategic decisions could be made. To deal with the dynamic environment of the company and the industry, the leaders have to think critically about the positives and negatives of the alternatives available and then have to make the decision (Chin and Sanchez-Hucles, 2007). Encouraging innovation and diversity of thoughts: The leaders in 21st century have innovative minds and diverse thinking. They do not rule by their set standards but allow the people to share their opinion so that diversity of ideas can be generated to deal with the issues. Developing talent: The leaders today are required to be talented enough so that they can develop the talent in others as well. This is because, it is not only about performing good leadership but it is about making others to perform efficiently (Dinh, Lord, Gardner, Meuser, Liden and Hu, 2014). Cross cultural intelligence: Diversity of workforce and globalisation has brought up many changes in the organisations and the type of workforce policies. Diversification in the workforce requires the leaders to be cautious about the culture at the time of dealing with the employees with different cultural background (Foss, Nden and Eriksson, 2014). Thus, having a cross cultural intelligence help the leaders to deal easily with the diversification in the workforce. Above are some of the major competencies that are required to be developed in the 21st century leaders because this is what the market is demanding from the leaders in todays era. Similarities and differences between classical and 21st century leadership: Leadership theories in 21st century: Some common leadership theories and styles of 21stcentury leadership are discussed below: Servant leadership: It is the type of leadership style in which the leaders care about all the needs and the requirements of their employees. Some of the leaders like Nelson Mandela fall under this category. The modern servant leaders believe in taking interest in professional as well as personal life of the employees (Frisch and Huppenbauer, 2014). Charismatic: charismatic leaders are those leaders who have a charisma in their personality that is the sign of their greatness. They believe in working together and are very enthusiastic in nature. They not only delegate the work to their followers but also do the same with them (Giuliani and Kurson, 2007). They try to utilise the best out of everyone in the team and thus have great vision for their team. The leaders who follow this approach would be able to balance between work burden and excellence. Pace setters: pace setters are the leaders with great futuristic vision. They do not believe in achieving short term goals but believes that setting the pace for doing the work or the project will lead to greater achievement of long term gaols. They have big dreams and thus more expectation from their employees. As servant leaders focuses on the needs of the employees, the pace setters demand better and faster work from their employees at any cost (Han, 2014). Laissez faire: the leaders who follow this leadership style are self-motivated. They are very good at delegating work and know how to communicate their followers with their vision. They usually try to be with the team who is self-motivated and have knowledge about their tasks. This is because they totally leave their team to takes the decision on any of the issue and do not interfere in matters. Leadership theories of classical leadership: Trait theory: this theory suggests that the leaders have some specific traits that help them to develop the qualities of being a leader. It is necessary to possess those theories in order to be the leader. The early researchers suggest that some of the traits like assertiveness, intelligence and motivation are some of the traits that are innate in the leaders (Kotter, 2008). Behavioural theories: this theory suggests that there are two types of behaviours of the leaders. One is directive in which the leaders are concerned for the tasks and the other is participative in which the leaders are concerned with the people working under them. These two behaviours create differences in the way they handle and deal with the employees. Contingency theories: contingency theory is about dealing with the employees as per the situation. The leadership style is selected as per the situation that needs to be handled at that time (Latham, 2014). The leaders who follow contingency theory or style should be smart enough to know that which style or which type of leadership can be implemented at which situation. Transformational and transactional leadership: the transformation leaders are the leaders with big picture and great point of view while transactional leaders focus on short term goals. Transactional leaders delegate the work to the employees and praise them after the achievement of the gaols but the transformational leaders help the employees to follow some of the guidelines in order to complete the work. Similarities and differences: According to the theories that are discussed above, it has been analysed that there are some of the differences and the similarities between the classical and the modern 21st century leadership. The basic difference that has been observed is that the classical leadership believes in achieving the short term goals and never focuses on compromising the short term objectives to achieve the higher gaols. As far as the concept of individualism is considered, it has been analysed that most of the contemporary leadership theory and style talks about working in the team and not on individual basis (MacDonald, Sulsky and Brown, 2008). The classical leadership styles believe in delegating work to the employees as an individual and team work was not that much encouraged at that time. In today's era, leaders focus on working in teams so that the objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently. Classical leadership is about being an expert into field but does not allow the leaders to trans fer those expertise to their followers while the leaders of 21st century believes that involving the team members or the followers is important for knowledge transfer (Metcalf and Benn, 2013). This develops the people of the team as well as the knowledge of the leader. The leadership has evolved from inception to the present time. This is because of the changes that have been experienced by the companies, workforce, industries etc. However, there are some things and aspects of leadership that is continuing to be same even after so much of its evolution (Nahavandi, 2016). One of the similarities between the classical and the modern leadership is that both focus on achieving the gaols and developing the employees. The major aim of being a leader is to show the path to the employees on which they have to walk in order to complete their individual as well as organisational objectives. Causes of changes in the leadership: There is no doubt in the fact that leadership has experienced a great change and the definition of leadership has altered totally. The interdependency of the organisation is affecting the type of leadership in those organisations. It has been analysed from the research that the organisations in Europe and Asia are moving towards collective leadership as compared to US organisations. This may be because the European and Asian organisations are more dependent on each other. Some of the causes that act as the driving force for change in leadership are: Globalisation: Globalisation is the process that allows the companies to cross their boundaries and develop trade relation across the countries. This requires the companies to enter and understand the new market. Introduction of the company in the new market also require changes in the already existing processes of the company as per the situation in the new market and leadership is one of the important functions that gets affected. Thus, if the companies want to have trade relations with other countries, they have to develop those competencies in them first. Increased expectations: In modern times, the expectations of the stakeholders of the companies have changed or either increased. It is not limited to earning profits now. There are various expectations that different stakeholders have from the companies and thus company has to take decision over which needs should be fulfilled and how. The employees are the most important stakeholders of the companies and they are experiencing a great diversity. Handling the diverse workforce requires the leaders to develop that competency to understand different culture and language. Speed of innovation: today, organisations are focusing on what is next but the pace of making innovations in the market is very high and to match up with this pace, it is required to make innovations in the leadership style of the companies as well (O'Connell, 2014). Changes are very frequent and thus bringing flexibility in the leadership styles help the leaders to deal with the situations. Requirements to face these changes: New skill sets: The new leaders have to face these changes and develop bottom line skills through collaboration, team work and innovation (Tyssen, Wald and Spieth, 2013). Achievement of organisational objectives and earning profits are the major aims of organisations but they are no longer the only requirements to be successful. Shift in skills is required that allow the organisations to manage the change. Skills like relationship building, communications skills are some of the major skills that need to be developed. Most of the best MBA programs are providing such soft skills training to their student so that they can become leaders of modern times. Collaborations: great collaboration is the need of the hour because of the interdependency of the organisations on each other. In todays market, it is not possible to be successful and maintain the success alone; it is required by the organisation to merge across boundaries to enhance. Here, leaders play a major role by showing their relationship skills in order to develop great relation across the borders. Critical analysis of academic researches: Mumford, Campion and Morgeson (2007) suggests that there are skill sets of leaders such as cognitive, interpersonal, business and strategic skills that are required by the leaders at different level of the organization. The research has been conducted on around 1000 mid-level, senior and junior employees. It has been concluded that the higher level of the employees have to develop higher level of leadership skills as compared to lower level. One of the researches was conducted to analyse the future direction of leadership in the organisations. Mumford, Zaccaro, Connelly and Marks (2000) argues in the research that new skill set model is required for the leaders to manage the change that will be appropriate for dynamic environment of the industrial market. Conclusion: The above discussion concludes that change is the essence of life and adjusting the processes according to the changes is the need of hour. It is to be done in order to achieve the success in this dynamic world. Leadership is one of the aspects that are getting affected by the changes happening. It has been analysed that many researches have been conducted in concern to the topic and it has been suggested that there are lot of differences in 21st century leadership as compared to the classical leadership styles and theories. These differences are because of the changes that occur in the market such as globalisation, expectations of the stakeholders, interdependency of the organisation, workforce diversity etc. Thus, it is required by the organisation to manage those changes and develop new skills sets in their leaders so that the changes occurring in the market and the world can be faced. The change is inevitable and thus adjustments need to be made as per the changes. References: Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. 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The leadership skills strataplex: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels.The Leadership Quarterly,18(2), pp.154-166. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. O'Connell, P.K., 2014. A simplified framework for 21st century leader development.The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), pp.183-203. Tyssen, A.K., Wald, A. and Spieth, P., 2013. Leadership in temporary organizations: A review of leadership theories and a research agenda.Project Management Journal,44(6), pp.52-67. Yukl, G. 2006. Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall.